The key objective of the Leuven growing-into-deficit (GID) follow-up-study is to test the hypothesis that children with a congenital heart disease (CHD) show more neurocognitive impairment at the second follow-up at 7 years old than at the first follow-up at the age of 4, compared to healthy controls.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Seven-year-old children with CHD and healthy control children who were four years old when they participated in Paediatric ICU follow-up study (i.e. first follow-up time point) (Neurocognitive development of children four years after critical illness and treatment with tight glucose control, Clinical Trials # NCT00214916). The children of the CHD-group underwent cardiac surgery as infants (=<1year).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Genetic syndromes (Down, 22q11del), known to result in neurocognitive impairment
• IQ < 70
• Lack of baseline neurocognitive measurements during first follow-up
• Date of birth before February 2005

Seven-year-old children with CHD and healthy seven-year-old control children