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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of Zurich | OTHER |
| Technische Universität Dresden | OTHER |
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Aim of Study: Adverse effects from noise pollution in operation theatres have been throughly demonstrated. We assessed the impact of a noise reduction program in paediatric surgery.
Methods: A prospective controlled study on 156 operations performed by 16 surgeons was conducted. The sound levels before and after a noise reduction program based on education, rules and technical devices (Sound Ear tm) were assessed. Endpoints were spatially resolved sound levels matched by the surgeon's biometric (saliva cortisol, electrodermal activity) and behavioural stress responses (questionnaires). These were correlated with mission protocols and NoiSeQ for individual noise sensitivity.
We recorded median noise levels in the control vs. interventional group including the count of peak events with different tresholds.
Three phases were conducted: 1. Reference group/phase I 2. Control group/phase II The full data set was recorded by a research clerk present in theatre however all staff were left unaware of the study purpose 3. Intervention group/phase III. The intervention consisted of a panel of work rules including mainly communication regulations (only conversations concerning the current case were allowed, no in and out during surgery, mobile phone ban etc.. Measures were backed by intervention conferences, posters and pictograms. .
A wear off-effect was sought after . Biometrically, we analyzed the surgeon's pre- to postoperative rise in cortisol and the proportion of the surgeon's electrodermal potentials of >15µS indicating severe stress. Intra-team communication, a decrease in disturbing conversations and sudden noise peaks were investigated and correlated with the individual noise sensitivity determined by the noise Q questionnaire.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reference group - cloaked noise meters | No Intervention | Reference group or phase 1 Theatre equipped with multiple sound meters disguised as CO2 meter for sound probing in the absence of a research clerk with personnel completely unaware of sound measurements. | |
| Control Noise AND Stress measurements | Sham Comparator | Control Group - Phase 2 No intervention but research clerk is present in theatre to protocoll the operation and test for stress by collecting saliva cortisol and probing electrodermal activity |
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| Noise Reduction Intervention Group | Experimental | Intervention Group - Phase 3 A panel of noise reduction measures (staff workplace rules, technical devices as optical noise warners, optical telephones) is put into effect. Surgeons are monitored by biometry, psychometry and the outcome. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Noise reduction work place rules | Behavioral | Information conferences for all theatre staff (100%)on the detrimal effects of high noise levels in the operating theatre. Issue of "workplace rules" on handouts and poster on theatre doors: Ban of all mobile phones from theatre. Only conversations about the ongoing case are allowed. No restocking etc. during an operation and no work in this operating room concerning other patients (e.g. later on the list). Turnig of of unnecessary suckers, warming devices etc. . No in and out during the procedure. Technical: Sound Ears (TM, Sound Ear A.S. Copenhagen, Denmark) taped to all 4 Walls. Optical Telephones. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Noise level (dB(A)) in the operation room at the surgeon's place | noise levels are sampled simultaneously at 4 point (surgeon, nurses 1+2 and anestesiology workplace | continous during operation |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Surgeons intraoperative biometric and psychometric stress response | Surgeons Cortisol Levels and Electrodermal activity are measured as he/she is submitted to questionnaires. | before, during and after operations |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Carsten R Engelmann, MD, PhD | Hannover Medical School, Germany | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pediatric Surgery Department | Hanover | Lower Saxony | 30625 | Germany |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22584632 | Background | Conrad C, Konuk Y, Werner PD, Cao CG, Warshaw AL, Rattner DW, Stangenberg L, Ott HC, Jones DB, Miller DL, Gee DW. A quality improvement study on avoidable stressors and countermeasures affecting surgical motor performance and learning. Ann Surg. 2012 Jun;255(6):1190-4. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318250b332. | |
| 20835716 | Background |
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| Presence of an examiner in the concerned theatre | Behavioral | Research Clerk present in theatre, writes on note pad. |
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| Engelmann C, Schneider M, Kirschbaum C, Grote G, Dingemann J, Schoof S, Ure BM. Effects of intraoperative breaks on mental and somatic operator fatigue: a randomized clinical trial. Surg Endosc. 2011 Apr;25(4):1245-50. doi: 10.1007/s00464-010-1350-1. Epub 2010 Sep 11. |
| 5084988 | Background | Shapiro RA, Berland T. Noise in the operating room. N Engl J Med. 1972 Dec 14;287(24):1236-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197212142872407. No abstract available. |
| 15232535 | Background | Moorthy K, Munz Y, Undre S, Darzi A. Objective evaluation of the effect of noise on the performance of a complex laparoscopic task. Surgery. 2004 Jul;136(1):25-30; discussion 31. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2003.12.011. |
| 20740099 | Background | Connor A, Ortiz E. Staff solutions for noise reduction in the workplace. Perm J. 2009 Fall;13(4):23-7. doi: 10.7812/TPP/09-057. |
| 20103067 | Background | Arora S, Hull L, Sevdalis N, Tierney T, Nestel D, Woloshynowych M, Darzi A, Kneebone R. Factors compromising safety in surgery: stressful events in the operating room. Am J Surg. 2010 Jan;199(1):60-5. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.07.036. |