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For simple fractures treated in the emergency department with cast immobilisation only, ibuprofen has been shown to be superior to, or a least or equivalent to codeine with less side effects. These and other studies have commented that their results may not be applicable to children who have fractures that require reduction. There is currently no literature on the management of postoperative pain following reduction of paediatric fractures. The investigators aim therefore is to investigate whether either of the two most commonly prescribed analgesics is superior to the other for postoperative pain management following closed reductions of paediatric forearm fractures. Also, if one agent has more side effects than the other.
This will be a prospective randomised controlled trial with the null hypothesis that there is no difference between ibuprofen and codeine in terms of pain relief or side effects.
Following ethics approval (submitted and approved) by the University of Manitoba ethics board a study group of fifty patients (25 in each arm) will be recruited to participate in the study.All patients will complete informed consent following both a verbal and written explanation of the study. Following the closed reduction they will all receive regular acetaminophen; (dose 15mg/kg) and either ibuprofen (10mg/kg) or codeine (1mg/kg) depending upon the group they were randomised to. This will have to be single blinding as the codeine formulation used by the hospital is a clear red liquid (5mg/ml) and the ibuprofen a cloudy colourless liquid (20mg/ml). They will also be given a "rescue" medication to be taken if the caregivers feel that the pain relief is not sufficient 1 hour after the study medication. This rescue medication will be the alternative medication in the study.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetaminophen and Codeine | Active Comparator | After their fracture is reduced, these patients will receive acetaminophen (15mg/kg) and codeine (1mg/kg) at regular dosing intervals. |
|
| Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen | Active Comparator | Following reduction of their fracture, these patients will receive acetaminophen (15mg/ml) and ibuprofen (10mg/ml) at regular dosing intervals. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen | Drug | After their fracture is reduced, these patients will receive acetaminophen (15mg/kg) and ibuprofen (10mg/kg) at regular dosing intervals. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Diary | Caregivers, or the children if old enough, will be asked to keep a pain diary. This will consist of the times the analgesia was taken and a pain score at awakening, at bedtime and before and 1 hour after each dose of medication. Caregivers/children will also be asked to include any side effects noted to medication and whether play, school, sleep, and eating are affected by pain each day. Caregivers will record whether the function was increased, decreased, or unchanged. | Two Weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Satisfaction | Parent satisfaction will be measured each day with the use of a Likert 0-5 scale. | 2 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Open fractures.
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paul Jellicoe, MD | Contact | 204-787-8948 | ||
| James R McCammon, MD | Contact | 204-779-8673 | j_mccammon@hotmail.com |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health Sciences Center | Recruiting | Winnipeg | Manitoba | Canada |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16481924 | Background | Drendel AL, Lyon R, Bergholte J, Kim MK. Outpatient pediatric pain management practices for fractures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006 Feb;22(2):94-9. doi: 10.1097/01.pec.0000199564.64264.f4. | |
| 19692147 | Background | Drendel AL, Gorelick MH, Weisman SJ, Lyon R, Brousseau DC, Kim MK. A randomized clinical trial of ibuprofen versus acetaminophen with codeine for acute pediatric arm fracture pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Oct;54(4):553-60. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.005. Epub 2009 Aug 19. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050723 | Fractures, Bone |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D000377 | Agnosia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000082 | Acetaminophen |
| D007052 | Ibuprofen |
| C526278 | acetaminophen, codeine drug combination |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000083 | Acetanilides |
| D000813 | Anilides |
| D000577 | Amides |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D000814 |
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|
| Acetaminophen and Codeine | Drug | After their fracture is reduced, these patients will receive acetaminophen (15mg/kg) and codeine (1mg/kg) at regular dosing intervals. |
|
| 17876251 | Background | Koller DM, Myers AB, Lorenz D, Godambe SA. Effectiveness of oxycodone, ibuprofen, or the combination in the initial management of orthopedic injury-related pain in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007 Sep;23(9):627-33. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e31814a6a39. |
| 18277840 | Background | Oakley EA, Ooi KS, Barnett PL. A randomized controlled trial of 2 methods of immobilizing torus fractures of the distal forearm. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008 Feb;24(2):65-70. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db13. |
| 16510648 | Background | Plint AC, Perry JJ, Correll R, Gaboury I, Lawton L. A randomized, controlled trial of removable splinting versus casting for wrist buckle fractures in children. Pediatrics. 2006 Mar;117(3):691-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-0801. |
| 4047707 | Background | Heidrich G, Slavic-Svircev V, Kaiko RF. Efficacy and quality of ibuprofen and acetaminophen plus codeine analgesia. Pain. 1985 Aug;22(4):385-397. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(85)90044-2. |
| 17332198 | Background | Clark E, Plint AC, Correll R, Gaboury I, Passi B. A randomized, controlled trial of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and codeine for acute pain relief in children with musculoskeletal trauma. Pediatrics. 2007 Mar;119(3):460-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1347. |
| 2367140 | Background | Bieri D, Reeve RA, Champion DG, Addicoat L, Ziegler JB. The Faces Pain Scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: development, initial validation, and preliminary investigation for ratio scale properties. Pain. 1990 May;41(2):139-150. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(90)90018-9. |
| D010468 | Perceptual Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| Aniline Compounds |
| D000588 | Amines |
| D010666 | Phenylpropionates |
| D000146 | Acids, Carbocyclic |
| D002264 | Carboxylic Acids |