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We had very low recruitment rates that would have resulted in several years being added to the study to achieve an appropriate sample size.
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The purpose of the study is to determine whether diluted Povidone Iodine solution used to irrigate surgical wounds during spine surgery decreases the incidence of surgical site infections.
Post-operative infections in spine surgery have been extensively investigated in the literature. These investigations focus on the efficacy of using peri-operative antibiotics, Povidone Iodine skin preparations, the effects of shaving around the surgical sit, and the use of intra-operative diluted Povidone Iodine wound irrigation in preventing post-operative infections.
Povidone-iodine is a complex of polyvinyl pyrrolidine and tri-iodine ions widely used as an antiseptic agent. It has bactericidal activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The safety of its use intra-operatively has been evaluated in animal studies and also supported through Randomized Controlled Trials in spinal surgery and in other surgical subspecialties.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the intra-operative use of diluted Povidone Iodine solution in reducing post-operative infections when used for irrigating surgical incisions during spinal surgery compared with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation Solution (i.e. normal saline solution).
The primary outcome measure will be seen as a reduction in the number of post-operative infections. As a result and although not directly measured, it is suspected that a reduction in post-operative infections may result in quicker healing with fewer complications and pain.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diluted Povidone Iodine Solution | Active Comparator |
| |
| Normal Saline Wash | Placebo Comparator |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Povidone-Iodine | Drug | Subjects in the treatment group will receive 3.5% diluted Povidone Iodine solution in the surgical incision in a quantity sufficient to fill the wound to the level of the skin. The Povidone Iodine solution will be maintained in the incision for 3 minutes, after which it will be flushed from the wound with normal saline solution. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of post-operative infections diagnosed in both treatment and control groups | The Centers for Disease Control (CDC)definition of surgical site infections (SSI)will be used for this study.This definition addresses both superficial and deep surgical site infections. Outcome will be determined by the number of superficial, deep, and total (superficial plus deep) wound infections for each group. | Twelve months post operation |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Najmedden Attabib, MD | Neurosurgery Department, Saint John Regional Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saint John Regional Hospital | Saint John | New Brunswick | E2L 4L2 | Canada |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17621202 | Background | Celik SE, Kara A. Does shaving the incision site increase the infection rate after spinal surgery? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Jul 1;32(15):1575-7. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318074c39f. | |
| 16094267 | Background | Cheng MT, Chang MC, Wang ST, Yu WK, Liu CL, Chen TH. Efficacy of dilute betadine solution irrigation in the prevention of postoperative infection of spinal surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Aug 1;30(15):1689-93. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000171907.60775.85. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013530 | Surgical Wound Infection |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014946 | Wound Infection |
| D007239 | Infections |
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
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Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011206 | Povidone-Iodine |
| D012965 | Sodium Chloride |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007466 | Iodophors |
| D017613 | Iodine Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D011145 | Polyvinyls |
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|
|
| Saline | Drug | Subjects in the Placebo Comparator group will receive normal saline solution in a quantity sufficient to fill the wound to the level of the skin. The saline solution will be maintained in the incision for 3 minutes, after which it will be flushed from the wound with additional saline solution to replicate the saline wash procedure followed in the Treatment group. |
|
| 2860178 | Background | Georgiade G, Riefkohl R, Georgiade N, Georgiade R, Wildman MF. Efficacy of povidone-iodine in pre-operative skin preparation. J Hosp Infect. 1985 Mar;6 Suppl A:67-71. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(85)80048-7. |
| 8290460 | Background | Goldenheim PD. In vitro efficacy of povidone-iodine solution and cream against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Postgrad Med J. 1993;69 Suppl 3:S62-5. |
| 1334988 | Background | Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori TG. CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992 Oct;13(10):606-8. No abstract available. |
| 8300691 | Background | Rubinstein E, Findler G, Amit P, Shaked I. Perioperative prophylactic cephazolin in spinal surgery. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994 Jan;76(1):99-102. |
| 2860173 | Background | Schubert R. Disinfectant properties of new povidone-iodine preparations. J Hosp Infect. 1985 Mar;6 Suppl A:33-6. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(85)80043-8. |
| 2860153 | Background | Sindelar WF, Brower ST, Merkel AB, Takesue EI. Randomised trial of intraperitoneal irrigation with low molecular weight povidone-iodine solution to reduce intra-abdominal infectious complications. J Hosp Infect. 1985 Mar;6 Suppl A:103-14. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(85)80054-2. |
| 2860156 | Background | Strohecker J, Piotrowski WP, Lametschwandtner A. The intra-operative application of povidone-iodine in neurosurgery. J Hosp Infect. 1985 Mar;6 Suppl A:123-5. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(85)80057-8. |
| 2868173 | Background | Wilson AP, Treasure T, Sturridge MF, Gruneberg RN. A scoring method (ASEPSIS) for postoperative wound infections for use in clinical trials of antibiotic prophylaxis. Lancet. 1986 Feb 8;1(8476):311-3. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90838-x. |
| 15959380 | Background | Fang A, Hu SS, Endres N, Bradford DS. Risk factors for infection after spinal surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Jun 15;30(12):1460-5. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000166532.58227.4f. |
| 3558716 | Background | Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373-83. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8. |
| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D014753 |
| Vinyl Compounds |
| D000475 | Alkenes |
| D006839 | Hydrocarbons, Acyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D011205 | Povidone |
| D011760 | Pyrrolidinones |
| D011759 | Pyrrolidines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D010969 | Plastics |
| D011108 | Polymers |
| D046911 | Macromolecular Substances |
| D001697 | Biomedical and Dental Materials |
| D008420 | Manufactured Materials |
| D013676 | Technology, Industry, and Agriculture |
| D002712 | Chlorides |
| D006851 | Hydrochloric Acid |
| D017606 | Chlorine Compounds |
| D017670 | Sodium Compounds |