The purpose of this study is to observe parent-adolescent interactions and to examine the parenting behaviors and adolescent emotional and physiological responses that are associated with youth's substance use.

The study examines parenting behaviors and adolescent emotional responses during parent-adolescent interactions and whether these predict youth's current and future substance use over a 3 year follow-up.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adolescent between ages 12-14 years

Exclusion Criteria:

• For adolescent, Intelligence Quotient (IQ) < 70 on standardized test, for parent, evidence of inability to read or write.
• Evidence of a psychotic disorder for parent or adolescent
• Diagnosis of autism or pervasive developmental disorder for adolescent, as determined by parent report in the screening.
• For adolescent, current need for acute treatment of a psychiatric disorder, as determined by parent report in the study screening.
• For adolescent and parent, inadequate English proficiency to comprehend task instructions

12-14 year olds and their primary caregivers.

We will make data from the proposed laboratory study available to other researchers, after de-identifying study data and after publishing the main manuscripts on the study.