The purpose of this study is to:

I. Compare neuroradiological phenotype and cognitive functioning of MCPH patients caused by ASPM mutations already characterized and published (Passemard et al. 2009a) with other MCPH-related patients (patients with MCPH1, WDR62, CDK5RAP2, CEP 152, CENPJ, STIL, or PCNT mutations)

II. Describe the neuro-radiological and cognitive phenotype of microcephalic patients suffering from Fanconi anemia, and compared them to subjects with:

• Fanconi anemia but normal OFC (head circumference)
• MCPH patients
• Healthy control subjects Our hypothesis is that mutations in genes responsible of microcephaly impact differentially cortical brain development and functioning

Phenotyping study on 2 different cohorts of rare disease affected patients:

• Group1: MCPH (including different MCPH subtypes)
• Group2: Fanconi Anemia (with or without microcephaly)

Inclusion criteria:

Common to each group:

• Age > 3 years
• Access to french "Social Security"
• No contraindication for MRI

Group1:

• Primary microcephaly without gross malformation within or extra nervous central system
• OFC < -2SD at birth and < -3 SD after age 6months
• Mutation in one MCPH gene

Group2:

Proven Fanconi Anemia with:

• Positive chromosome breakage blood test
• One of the 3 following elements:

FANCD2 positive test Fibroblast sensitivity to mitomycin Mutation in one FANC gene

Control subjects:

• No antecedent
• Normal education

Aims:

1. Description of neurological, neuropsychological and radiological phenotype for each group

2. Phenotype comparison:

   • groups 1&2
   • group1 or 2 with control subjects
   • different MCPH subtypes within group1
   • with or without microcephaly within group2

3. Epidemiological data on these rare diseases in our population

Protocol:

Patients from both groups and control subjects will be evaluated in CIC for 1 day ½. They will be examined by a child neurologist and a geneticist. All of them will have cranial MRI (1.5Tesla). Neuropsychological assessment will be performed (Wechsler scales) for patients and control subjects.

Inclusion Criteria:

Patients aged ≥ 3 years:

• Microcephalic phenotype consistent with MCPH (recruitment already done as part of a network GIS-Rare Diseases Institute). MCPH patients have already been selected in the cohort "Robert Debré."
• Holders of a Fanconi anemia characterized in terms of cytogenetics, enzyme and/or molecular (patients in the cohort "Saint Louis" followed by the KRC rare aplastic anemia)
• Healthy controls aged ≥ 5 years siblings of patients with Fanconi Anemia

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients with Fanconi anemia:

• bone marrow < 3 years
• Post-transplantation neurological complications
• developmental, genetic or environmental additional pathology

Group1:

• Primary microcephaly without gross malformation within or extra nervous central system
• OFC < -2SD at birth and < -3 SD after age 6months
• Mutation in one MCPH gene

Group2:

Proven Fanconi Anemia with:

• Positive chromosome breakage blood test
• One of the 3 following elements:

FANCD2 positive test Fibroblast sensitivity to mitomycine Mutation in one FANC gene