Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a human restricted pathogen and is the single most important cause of severe respiratory illness in infants and young children, a major cause of infantile bronchiolitis and is the most frequent cause of hospitalization of infants and young children in industrialized countries. Severe RSV infection early in life is associated with an increased risk of subsequent recurrent wheezing and asthma. There are few population-based estimates of the incidence of RSV disease from developing countries, but the existing data clearly indicates that the virus accounts for a high proportion of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in children. Studies in Brazil, Colombia and Thailand suggest that RSV causes 20-30% of ARI cases in children from 1-4 years of age, a proportion similar to that in industrialized countries, and WHO has estimated the global RSV disease burden at 64 million cases and 160 000 deaths every year. RSV also causes severe disease in elderly and immune-compromised adults, and the burden of RSV disease in the elderly is comparable to that of seasonal influenza. The economic impact of RSV-related disease in adults estimated to be greater than that of influenza in relation to numbers of days lost from work.

The development of a safe and effective vaccine against RSV would benefit greatly from data on the immune responses in healthy adults naturally exposed to the virus. RSV infection has been shown to increase and induce short-lived circulating antibody secreting cells and produce an increase in the RSV specific antibody titres but very limited data is available on the cellular immune responses induced by RSV during natural infection in healthy adults. The existence of cell mediated immune response against RSV in humans has been described but characterization of this response remains poor and simultaneous analysis of several immunological parameters have not been attempted in an RSV exposed population before.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study and comply with study requirements
• Male or Female, aged from 18 to 60 in healthy status.
• Working on a paediatric ward which admits acute medical paediatric admissions during the RSV season (Group 1 only).

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of any immunodeficiency or immunological disorder which could affect the acquisition of RSV responses.
• Use of immunosuppressive medications such as steroids.
• Working on an NHS ward or in close contact with populations at higher risk of RSV transmission (e.g. nursery workers, care home workers, parents of young children) during the RSV season (Group 2 only).

Healthy health care personnel working in a pediatric ward and healthy volunteers from non-NHS staff