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Children can develop abscesses (a collection of pus under their skin) that require a physician to cut it open to let the pus drain out. This is a painful procedure. Most medical professionals will use numbing cream and inject numbing medicine into the skin, just like at the dentist, to help reduce the pain. While this helps minimize the pain of cutting the skin, it doesn't help the pain associated with draining out the pus.
There are many strategies and medications available to physicians to help decrease the pain of this procedure. Most of the medications available to treat the pain require the placement of an intravenous (IV) catheter through the patient's skin, which itself is a painful procedure. In the investigators emergency department, many patients with abscesses that need a procedure to drain the pus receive a medicine called morphine through an IV.
Some pain medicines, however, can be sprayed into a patient's nose, and have been shown to be helpful at reducing the pain of a broken bone or a burn. These medicines do not require the placement of an IV.
The purpose of this research study is to determine whether a medicine called fentanyl, when sprayed into the nose of patients aged 4 to 18 years undergoing abscess drainage, is not worse than IV morphine in decreasing the pain of the procedure.
After the risks and benefits of the study are explained to patients and their parents, written informed consent will be obtained. Written informed assent will be obtained for patients older than 8 years of age. Like the flipping of a coin, a computer program will decide randomly which half of the patients will receive fentanyl nose spray and which half will receive morphine by IV.
The patients assigned to receive fentanyl nose spray will not have an IV placed. The patients assigned to receive morphine will have an IV placed. Both groups of patients will have the abscess drainage procedure done the same way. All patients will be videotaped in order to score their pain by a trained observer. This score is the main outcome (measurement) in the study.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intranasal Fentanyl | Experimental | Patients in this arm will receive intranasal Fentanyl (50 micrograms/mL) as their pre-I&D analgesic. The one time total dose to be used is 2 micrograms / kilogram, to a maximum of 100 micrograms. The medication will be delivered intranasally via an atomizer in 4 equally divided aliquots (2 per nare). The abscess I&D will be followed according to protocol using topical and local anesthetic. |
|
| Intravenous Morphine | Active Comparator | Patients in this arm will receive intravenous morphine as their pre-I&D analgesic. The one time total dose to be used is 0.1 milligrams / kilogram, to a maximum of 8 milligrams. The medication will be delivered via slow IV push. The abscess I&D will be followed according to protocol using topical and local anesthetic. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intranasal Fentanyl | Drug | Drug: Fentanyl 50 micrograms/mL Dosage: 2 micrograms per kilogram (maximum 100 micrograms) Drug delivery: Intranasal via mucosal atomization device (MAD® Nasal, Wolfe Tory Medical Inc., Salt Lake City, UT) Frequency: one-time dose |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Score on the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress Revised (OSBD-R) | Our primary outcome is the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress - Revised (OSBD-R) to assess observed intra-procedural pain. The total OSBD-R score is a summation of the OSBD-R score of each individual phase. The score in each phase can range from 0 to 23.5. There were four phases in our study, so the range of scores for the total OSBD-R was 0 to 94, with a higher score indicating a greater degree of pain and distress. The four phases in the study are (1) before analgesia administration, (2) ten minutes after analgesia administration but before beginning I&D, (3) immediately post I&D procedure (to ascertain the pain perceived during procedure), and (4) ten minutes after procedure completion. The scores documented here are the total OSBD-R scores. | Up to 10 minutes after the procedure completion |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Score on the Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) | The Faces Pain Scale - Revised (FPS-R) is a self-report measure of pain has strong validity and reliability in children 4 - 17 years of age undergoing painful procedures, and will be used to assess patients' self reported pain. A score of 0 means no pain, a score of 10 means very much pain. Therefore, a lower score indicates that a patient is experiencing a lower degree of pain intensity. Patients will complete the FPS-R at four times during their medical encounter: (1) before analgesia administration, (2) ten minutes after analgesia administration but before beginning I&D, (3) immediately post I&D procedure (to ascertain the pain perceived during procedure), and (4) ten minutes after procedure completion. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Daniel Tsze, MD, MPH | Columbia University | Principal Investigator |
| Peter Dayan, MD, MSc | Columbia University | Study Director |
| Daniel Fenster, MD | Columbia University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexandra & Steven Cohen Children's Emergency Department of Columbia University Medical Center | New York | New York | 10032 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27387971 | Result | Fenster DB, Dayan PS, Babineau J, Aponte-Patel L, Tsze DS. Randomized Trial of Intranasal Fentanyl Versus Intravenous Morphine for Abscess Incision and Drainage. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018 Sep;34(9):607-612. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000810. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Educational portal for therapeutic intranasal drug delivery | View source |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Intranasal Fentanyl | Patients in this arm will receive intranasal Fentanyl (50 micrograms/mL) as their pre-I&D analgesic. The one time total dose to be used is 2 micrograms / kilogram, to a maximum of 100 micrograms. The medication will be delivered intranasally via an atomizer in 4 equally divided aliquots (2 per nare). The abscess I&D will be followed according to protocol using topical and local anesthetic. Intranasal Fentanyl: Drug: Fentanyl 50 micrograms/mL Dosage: 2 micrograms per kilogram (maximum 100 micrograms) Drug delivery: Intranasal via mucosal atomization device (MAD® Nasal, Wolfe Tory Medical Inc., Salt Lake City, UT) Frequency: one-time dose |
| FG001 | Intravenous Morphine | Patients in this arm will receive intravenous morphine as their pre-I&D analgesic. The one time total dose to be used is 0.1 milligrams / kilogram, to a maximum of 8 milligrams. The medication will be delivered via slow IV push. The abscess I&D will be followed according to protocol using topical and local anesthetic. Intravenous Morphine: Drug: Morphine Dosage: 0.1 milligrams/kilogram (maximum 8 milligrams) Drug delivery: Slow IV push Frequency: one-time dose |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Intranasal Fentanyl | Patients in this arm will receive intranasal Fentanyl (50 micrograms/mL) as their pre-I&D analgesic. The one time total dose to be used is 2 micrograms / kilogram, to a maximum of 100 micrograms. The medication will be delivered intranasally via an atomizer in 4 equally divided aliquots (2 per nare). The abscess I&D will be followed according to protocol using topical and local anesthetic. Intranasal Fentanyl: Drug: Fentanyl 50 micrograms/mL Dosage: 2 micrograms per kilogram (maximum 100 micrograms) Drug delivery: Intranasal via mucosal atomization device (MAD® Nasal, Wolfe Tory Medical Inc., Salt Lake City, UT) Frequency: one-time dose |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Median |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Score on the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress Revised (OSBD-R) | Our primary outcome is the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress - Revised (OSBD-R) to assess observed intra-procedural pain. The total OSBD-R score is a summation of the OSBD-R score of each individual phase. The score in each phase can range from 0 to 23.5. There were four phases in our study, so the range of scores for the total OSBD-R was 0 to 94, with a higher score indicating a greater degree of pain and distress. The four phases in the study are (1) before analgesia administration, (2) ten minutes after analgesia administration but before beginning I&D, (3) immediately post I&D procedure (to ascertain the pain perceived during procedure), and (4) ten minutes after procedure completion. The scores documented here are the total OSBD-R scores. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Up to 10 minutes after the procedure completion |
|
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Standardized cardiopulmonary monitoring and questionnaire.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Intranasal Fentanyl | Patients in this arm will receive intranasal Fentanyl (50 micrograms/mL) as their pre-I&D analgesic. The one time total dose to be used is 2 micrograms / kilogram, to a maximum of 100 micrograms. The medication will be delivered intranasally via an atomizer in 4 equally divided aliquots (2 per nare). The abscess I&D will be followed according to protocol using topical and local anesthetic. Intranasal Fentanyl: Drug: Fentanyl 50 micrograms/mL Dosage: 2 micrograms per kilogram (maximum 100 micrograms) Drug delivery: Intranasal via mucosal atomization device (MAD® Nasal, Wolfe Tory Medical Inc., Salt Lake City, UT) Frequency: one-time dose |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxygen desaturation | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Daniel Fenster | ColumbiaU | 212-305-9825 | dbf2114@columbia.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000038 | Abscess |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013492 | Suppuration |
| D007239 | Infections |
| D007249 | Inflammation |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005283 | Fentanyl |
| D009020 | Morphine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010880 | Piperidines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D009022 | Morphine Derivatives |
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|
| Intravenous Morphine | Drug | Drug: Morphine Dosage: 0.1 milligrams/kilogram (maximum 8 milligrams) Drug delivery: Slow IV push Frequency: one-time dose |
|
|
| Up to 10 minutes after procedure completion |
| Number of Patients Satisfied With Analgesia Administered | Number of patients satisfied with analgesia administered will be evaluated by determining the number of patients who report a Likert scale response of "somewhat satisfied", "very satisfied", or "extremely satisfied" (i.e. any patient who selects any of these three responses will be considered to have been satisfied with analgesia administered). Patients will be asked 10 minutes after procedure completion. If the patient is 8 years of age and older, both the patient and the parent or guardian will complete a satisfaction survey. If the patients is younger than 8 years, their parent or guardian will complete the satisfaction survey. | 10 minutes after procedure completion |
| BG001 | Intravenous Morphine | Patients in this arm will receive intravenous morphine as their pre-I&D analgesic. The one time total dose to be used is 0.1 milligrams / kilogram, to a maximum of 8 milligrams. The medication will be delivered via slow IV push. The abscess I&D will be followed according to protocol using topical and local anesthetic. Intravenous Morphine: Drug: Morphine Dosage: 0.1 milligrams/kilogram (maximum 8 milligrams) Drug delivery: Slow IV push Frequency: one-time dose |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress - revised | An observational scale of pain and distress during procedures. Scores can range from 0 to 23.5 units for each phase. A higher score indicates a greater degree of pain and distress. The total OSBD-R score is a summation of the OSBD-R score from each phase. For example, if there are six phases, the range of scores for OSBD-R is from 0 to 141. The baseline score would be one of the phases. The baseline phase consisted of 4 15-second intervals. The measured baseline OSBD-R scores was ZERO for all patients. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
Patients in this arm will receive intranasal Fentanyl (50 micrograms/mL) as their pre-I&D analgesic. The one time total dose to be used is 2 micrograms / kilogram, to a maximum of 100 micrograms. The medication will be delivered intranasally via an atomizer in 4 equally divided aliquots (2 per nare).
The abscess I&D will be followed according to protocol using topical and local anesthetic.
Intranasal Fentanyl: Drug: Fentanyl 50 micrograms/mL Dosage: 2 micrograms per kilogram (maximum 100 micrograms) Drug delivery: Intranasal via mucosal atomization device (MAD® Nasal, Wolfe Tory Medical Inc., Salt Lake City, UT) Frequency: one-time dose
| OG001 | Intravenous Morphine | Patients in this arm will receive intravenous morphine as their pre-I&D analgesic. The one time total dose to be used is 0.1 milligrams / kilogram, to a maximum of 8 milligrams. The medication will be delivered via slow IV push. The abscess I&D will be followed according to protocol using topical and local anesthetic. Intravenous Morphine: Drug: Morphine Dosage: 0.1 milligrams/kilogram (maximum 8 milligrams) Drug delivery: Slow IV push Frequency: one-time dose |
|
|
| Secondary | Score on the Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) | The Faces Pain Scale - Revised (FPS-R) is a self-report measure of pain has strong validity and reliability in children 4 - 17 years of age undergoing painful procedures, and will be used to assess patients' self reported pain. A score of 0 means no pain, a score of 10 means very much pain. Therefore, a lower score indicates that a patient is experiencing a lower degree of pain intensity. Patients will complete the FPS-R at four times during their medical encounter: (1) before analgesia administration, (2) ten minutes after analgesia administration but before beginning I&D, (3) immediately post I&D procedure (to ascertain the pain perceived during procedure), and (4) ten minutes after procedure completion. | (1) before analgesia administration, (2) ten minutes after analgesia administration but before beginning I&D, (3) immediately post I&D procedure (to ascertain the pain perceived during procedure), and (4) ten minutes after procedure completion. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | units on a scale | Up to 10 minutes after procedure completion |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Patients Satisfied With Analgesia Administered | Number of patients satisfied with analgesia administered will be evaluated by determining the number of patients who report a Likert scale response of "somewhat satisfied", "very satisfied", or "extremely satisfied" (i.e. any patient who selects any of these three responses will be considered to have been satisfied with analgesia administered). Patients will be asked 10 minutes after procedure completion. If the patient is 8 years of age and older, both the patient and the parent or guardian will complete a satisfaction survey. If the patients is younger than 8 years, their parent or guardian will complete the satisfaction survey. | Patient satisfied with analgesia administered | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 10 minutes after procedure completion |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 10 |
| 0 |
| 10 |
| EG001 | Intravenous Morphine | Patients in this arm will receive intravenous morphine as their pre-I&D analgesic. The one time total dose to be used is 0.1 milligrams / kilogram, to a maximum of 8 milligrams. The medication will be delivered via slow IV push. The abscess I&D will be followed according to protocol using topical and local anesthetic. Intravenous Morphine: Drug: Morphine Dosage: 0.1 milligrams/kilogram (maximum 8 milligrams) Drug delivery: Slow IV push Frequency: one-time dose | 1 | 10 | 0 | 10 |
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| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D009019 |
| Morphinans |
| D053610 | Opiate Alkaloids |
| D000470 | Alkaloids |
| D006572 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring |
| D006576 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D010616 | Phenanthrenes |
| D011084 | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
| D011083 | Polycyclic Compounds |
| Immediately post-I&D |
|
| 10 min after procedure completion |
|