Total of all reporting groups

The Tanner scale categorizes physical measurements of development based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics, such as the size of the breasts, genitals, testicular volume and development of pubic hair in children, adolescents, and adults. There is insufficient space given in this form to list all of the measurements here. In brief, Stage 1: no pubic hair; Stage 2: initial growth of pubic hair, breasts, nipples, scrotum, testes; Stage 3: additional growth of all mentioned in Stage 2.

The YGTSS is a clinician-rated scale that begins with a systematic inquiry of tic symptoms in the preceding week. Current motor and phonic tics are rated separately according to number, frequency, intensity, complexity, and interference, each rated on 0 to 5 scale with higher scores indicating greater severity/worse outcome (Leckman et al. 1989). The YGTSS yields a total motor score (0-25), a total phonic score (0-25), a total tic score (sum of total motor and total phonic scores; 0-50), and an impairment score (0-50). Higher scores indicate greater severity/worse outcome.

The TSSR (Cohen and Leckman 1984) was completed by a parent or caretaker. It includes 20 motor and 20 phonic tics, each rated 0 to 3. The motor and phonic scores are summed to create a total score. The total score for Tic Symptom Self-Report ranged from 0-120. Higher scores means greater severity/worse outcome. It has been shown to be sensitive to treatment effects (Scahill et al. 2003).

The PUTS (Woods et al. 2005) is a 10-item self-report measure of premonitory urges in individuals with tics. Individual item scores (1-4) are summed, yielding a total score (10-40) reflecting the presence and frequency of pre-tic (i.e., premonitory) urges along with relief that may be experienced after tics have been completed. Higher scores means higher frequency of premonitory urges.

The ADHD Rating Scale (Reid et al. 1998) is an 18-item, DSM-IV referenced measure rated by a parent or caretaker in this study. The sum of nine inattention items and nine hyperactivity/impulsiveness items (each rated on a 0-3 scale) are included in the total score. The total score for the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (parent) ranged from 0 to 54. A higher score means greater severity of ADHD symptoms.

The DBRS (Barkley and Murphy 2006) is an 8-item measure of oppositional defiant disorder rated by the parent or caretaker, with each item rated on a 0 to 3 scale. The total score is the sum of all 8 item scores. The total score for the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS) ranged from 0 to 24. Higher scores means greater severity of disruptive behaviors. Scores of 12 and higher are considered clinically significant.

The CY-BOCS (Scahill et al. 1997) is a 10-item, semistructured interview administered by the independent evaluator and is designed to rate the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Scores range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating greater severity.

The ROARS (Budman et al. 2008) is a 3-item, clinician-rated scale designed to quantify the severity of explosive outbursts in the past week, administered by an independent evaluator. The items are rated from 0 to 3 on frequency, intensity, and duration and then added together for a total score. The total score for the Rage Outbursts and Anger Rating Scale (ROARS) ranged from 0 to 9. Higher scores indicates greater severity.

extended-release guanfacine (Intuniv): 1 mg tablets; flexible dosing up to 4 mg/day for up to 16 weeks