The purpose of the study is to assess whether, in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, a low-fat, vegan diet improves pain and other subjective symptoms more effectively than a control supplement or a placebo. The principal measure is pain as measured by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and disease activity as measured by number of painful swollen and tender joints, respectively. The study duration is 36 weeks.

Preliminary evidence suggests that low-fat, vegetarian diets and certain nutritional supplements can help reduce pain and also reduce the need for pain medications for some people. The investigators will ask about 100 people to participate. All of them will get a low-fat, vegan diet and a nutritional supplement (mixture of omega-3 oils and vitamin E or a placebo), although some will get the diet first, and others will get the supplement first. This order in which they will get the diet and the supplement will be determined randomly, that is, by chance (like the toss of a coin). The principal measure is pain as measured by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and disease activity as measured by number of painful swollen and tender joints, respectively. The study duration is 36 weeks.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. A diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, as defined below.

   A diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is based on 2010 ACR / EULAR Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria. Classification as "definite RA" is based on the confirmed presence of synovitis in at least 1 joint, absence of an alternative diagnosis that better explains the synovitis, and achievement of a total score of 6 or greater (of a possible 10): 24

   Joint involvement, designating the metacarpophalangeal joints, proximal interphalangeal joints, the interphalangeal joint of the thumb, second through third metatarsophalangeal joint and wrist as small joints, and elbows, hip joints and knees as large joints:

   • Involvement of 1 large joint gives 0 points
   • Involvement of 2-10 large joints gives 1 point
   • Involvement of 1-3 small joints (with or without involvement of large joints) gives 2 points
   • Involvement of4-10 small joints (with or without involvement of large joints) gives 3 points
   • Involvement of more than 10 joints (with involvement of at least 1 small joint) gives 5 points

   Serological parameters - including the rheumatoid factor as well as anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA):

   • Negative RF and negative ACPA gives 0 points
   • Low-positive RF or low-positive ACPA gives 2 points
   • High-positive RF or high-positive ACPA gives 3 points Acute phase reactants: 1 point for elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) value Duration of arthritis: 1 point for symptoms lasting six weeks or longer

2. Continuing or recurring pain (i.e., joint pain daily, unless on pain medication).

3. Age at least 18 years

4. Ability and willingness to participate in all components of the study

5. Willingness to be assigned to either the diet group or supplement group

6. Pain medications unchanged within last 6 weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. < 18 years of age
2. Rheumatoid arthritis for more than 6 years
3. Alcohol consumption of more than 2 drinks per day or the equivalent, episodic increased drinking (e.g., more than 2 drinks per day on weekends), or a history of alcohol abuse or dependency followed by any current use
4. Use of recreational drugs in the past 6 months (past drug use, if fully recovered, is not a criteria for exclusion)
5. Pregnancy
6. Unstable medical or psychiatric illness
7. Likely to be disruptive in group sessions (as determined by research staff)
8. Already following a low-fat, vegan diet
9. Lack of English fluency
10. Inability to maintain current medication regimen
11. Inability or unwillingness to participate in all components of the study