The assumption of the unpredictability of seizures may have an enormous impact on the perception of self-efficacy and may contribute more to a patient's poor quality-of-life than the actual seizures. Patients with epilepsy are especially susceptible to the influence of the arbitrary nature of this condition on socialization,education,and the formation of self-identity. Consequentially, the psychosocial and psychological aftermath is likely to be observed even in individuals with well-controlled seizures. The relationship between seizure occurrence and the effects of having epileptic seizures on quality of life can be characterized as reciprocal; e.g. emotional stress is not only a result of having seizures; it is also the most frequently reported seizure precipitant. Whereas behavioral interventions have repeatedly been considered as the third pillar of the treatment of epilepsy, the main focus still remains on passive seizure control per pharmacological and surgical interventions, which may further aggravate victimization. Outcome after epilepsy surgery is closely correlated with pre-surgical characteristics. Consequentially, there is an upsurge of interest in the medical community for research on non-pharmacologic interventions to facilitate the transition from chronically sick to well with preventive therapeutic interventions in the context of habitual seizures. The Andrews/Reiter (AR) approach to epilepsy is a systematic counseling intervention that assists the individual to identify seizure warning signs,seizure precipitants and general life stressors in order to develop strategies of active seizure control and improve self-defined life quality. Literature review indicates that AR represents the most comprehensively developed psychological approach. The proposed trial will address the question if AR decreases seizure frequency and psychopathologic comorbidities and increases seizure self-efficacy and overall quality of life in patients with medically intractable epilepsy.

Potential subjects will be systematically approached during a 3 years enrollment period to recruit a consecutive sample of the patient population receiving care at a tertiary care epilepsy center (Toronto Western Hospital). After an 8 week period to establish baseline measurements the proposed trial will allocate study subjects to an A/R intervention group or a relaxation/meditation control group or a usual care control group (N1=N2=N3=10) per their preference due to the fact that internalization of the therapeutic principles is an active process that requires continuous motivation and compliance of the patient with the intervention. If a subject displays high intrinsic motivation to engage in self-care enhancing activities but does not indicate a preference, he or she will get randomized to either the A/R intervention or the relaxation protocol. This trial design allows for measuring effect sizes in regard the potential effect of choice, and also whether there is any interaction between preference and treatment.

This trial will determine the following:

I. The fraction of (a) seizure-free subjects and (b) subjects with clinically meaningful, i.e. ≥ 90% or ≥ 50 reduction of seizure frequency, II. Changes of the subjective perception of disability as indicated by Subjective Handicap of Epilepsy Scale (SHE), III. Changes of seizure self-efficacy as indicated by Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (M-HLOC), Form C and Epilepsy Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES), IV. Changes in common psychopathologic comorbidities and stress as indicated by (a) Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory in Epilepsy (NDDI-E), (b) State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), (c) Profile of Mood States (POMS brief), and (d) Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), V. Changes in quality of life as indicated by (a) Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-89), (b) individually identified descriptors of various domains of life and (c) individually identified epilepsy-related distresses. Continuous measures (aims I and III b) will be obtained during months 9 and 10 after initial subject enrollment. All other measures will be obtained at the end of month 10.

Intervention Protocols: During months 3-5 the A/R intervention protocol devotes one face-to-face counseling session to each of the 11 chapters ("steps") of the workbook "Taking control of your epilepsy" which will be followed by weekly phone calls during months 6-8. A/R treatment plans include daily activities: Journaling (10 min), CD-guided relaxation (10-30 min), Workbook (10 min) to promote functional analysis of seizure context and development of coping strategies. The trial will be used for knowledge-translation as trainees delivering the intervention will be supervised by Donna Andrews, PhD, co-developer of the AR intervention. The relaxation and meditation protocol will consist of weekly 30 min session during months 3-5 and bi-weekly 60 min sessions during months 6-8.

All subjects are instructed to document seizure occurrences (number and type) and compliance with AEDs. They will continue to see their treating neurologist and adjustment of their antiepileptic medication will be made if necessary. Medication changes will be included in outcome analyses. Regular serum levels will be drawn to monitor drug compliance. Study subjects will be approached at 12, 24 and 36 months after the end of the pilot trial to obtain follow-up data. The sample size determination the investigators based on literature review, assuming the remission rate for the usual care group was 5% and 35% for the A/R intervention group and inflated by 30% to account for loss to non-compliance. Outcomes will be compared as found in groups as a whole.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18-40 years old
• Fluency in English, including reading and writing
• Confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy as indicated by review of medical records (video-EEG, routine EEG and imaging)
• Drug-refractoriness as indicated by at least two failures to achieve seizure freedom per adequate drug trials in the patient's history
• Eligibility to be subjected to a surgical intervention aiming at seizure reduction
• A baseline seizure frequency of at least two complex partial seizures per month
• Willingness not to begin another non-pharmaceutical treatment while enrolled in the study
• Readiness to attempt not to change pharmaceutical treatment while enrolled in the study
• Motivation to comply with the intervention protocols

Exclusion Criteria:

• A history of a relapsing remission course of epilepsy
• Presumed psychogenic events
• Scheduled or likely change of treatment within 8 months after enrollment in the trial
• Negative compliance history
• Noncompliance with baseline measurement
• A seizure frequency of less than two seizures per month during baseline measurement
• Serious other medical problems, such cancer, stroke, significant heart disease, psychiatric disorders
• Brain tumors, vascular malformations, progressive epilepsy syndromes, neurodegenerative disorders or significant developmental delay (IQ<80)