The 24-hour-a-day, 7-day a week, work-world arrived within our lifetimes, and is here to stay. Americans are working more and more, frequently at multiple jobs. The pattern of short sleep during the week followed by attempts to recover on the weekend is in common practice, but we know little of the associated health risks. What is the cost in terms of increasing known risk markers for cardiovascular disease, of repeated nights of insufficient sleep, and is this cost compounded with repetition, without adequate recovery? Evidence is accumulating to suggest that short sleep duration is linked to the development of metabolic and inflammation-associated diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. Mechanisms involved in the development of cardiovascular disease include impaired vascular function and inflammation. The current proposal is designed to investigate the effects of repeated periods of short nocturnal sleep duration in 4 cycles (each cycle consisting of 3 nights of 4 hours of sleep opportunity per night), and each cycle of short sleep followed by a single night of recovery sleep. Vascular reactivity will be assessed using brachial artery flow mediated dilation, and microcirculatory vasodilation will be assessed using perfusion imaging techniques. The dependence of IL-6 and sVCAM-1 as measured in peripheral circulation, on vascular function, will also be investigated.

Due to work, family, social and community obligations, millions of Americans cut back on sleep for several nights in a row before having an opportunity to catch up. When the opportunity does arise, it may only be for a single night, before the cycle of insufficient sleep repeats. This study investigated what happens to human biology when insufficient sleep becomes chronic and opportunities for recovery sleep are intermittent. It also investigated recovery sleep itself, and the biological processes involved in reversing the effects of an accumulated sleep deficit due to insufficient sleep duration.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy volunteers
• Regular sleep-wake schedule

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diseases or medical conditions, including sleep disorders
• Current smoking
• Pregnant or nursing
• Recent time zone travel or shift work
• Regular medication use
• High blood pressure

Participants were randomized to condition. Vascular reactivity testing was performed by operator who was blind to condition and outcomes assessment from that testing was also blind.