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This study determines if there is a difference in dental students' attitudes, perceived barriers, subjective norms, perceived skills, self-efficacy, intentions to provide cessation treatment, and cessation knowledge in those students receiving a tobacco cessation lecture along with practice sessions using standardized patients and those students receiving only a tobacco cessation lecture. The study determines if dental students' use of tobacco affects their intent to provide cessation treatment to patients, and if the time between receiving the lecture and participating in the practice sessions using standardized patients makes a difference in dental students' attitudes, perceived barriers, subjective norms. perceived skills, self-efficacy, intentions to provide cessation treatment, and cessation knowledge.
The experimental study has a pretest-posttest design. It evaluates the changes to dental students' attitudes, perceived barriers, subjective norms, perceived skills, self-efficacy, intentions to provide cessation treatment, and tobacco cessation knowledge between those students receiving a lecture along with practice sessions using standardized patients and those students receiving only a lecture. Dental students will be invited to complete two questionnaires. The control group of dental students will complete the first questionnaire before the lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture. The experimental group of dental students will complete the first questionnaire before the lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture and the practice and debriefing sessions. Subjects will include 120 first year dental students in an introductory course to clinical dentistry. The cessation training is a required activity in the course. Students are divided into small groups according to their bench or lab numbers. These numbers are assigned to the student based on the alphabetical order of their name. The eligibility criteria is: 1) Must be a first year dental student in Introduction to Clinical Dentistry 1 at the University of Louisville, and 2) Must be willing to volunteer to complete pre- and post-questionnaires about the cessation treatment educational program. The exclusion criteria is: Subject is not willing to give consent to complete the pre- and post- questionnaire.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Counseling practice sessions | Experimental | Dental students will be administered the first questionnaire before receiving a tobacco cessation lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture, counseling practice sessions using standardized patients, and debriefing session. |
|
| Lecture only | No Intervention | Students will receive the first questionnaire before the lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Counseling practice sessions | Other | Dental students will complete the first questionnaire before a tobacco cessation lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture, counseling practice sessions using standardized patients and a debriefing session. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline in Attitude Score | The attitude variable was computed by adding the values from two questionnaire items to assess the level agreement with statements: 1.) "It is important for members of the profession to discuss tobacco use with patients" and 2.) "A brief intervention (3 minutes) for tobacco cessation with my patients would be effective." The rating scale was: 0 = strongly disagree, 1 = moderately disagree, 2 = somewhat disagree, 3 = neither disagree or agree, 4 = somewhat agree, 5 = moderately agree, and 6 = strongly agree. A higher value represents participants' more positive attitude toward providing tobacco cessation treatment (Range:0-8). The difference in the attitude from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total value of the variable at Questionnaire 1 from the total value at Questionnaire 2. | Questionnaire 1 (baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
| Change From Baseline in Perceived Barriers Score | The perceived barriers variable was computed by adding the total number of barriers reported by participants. Participants were asked to select all factors that may limit their ability to counsel tobacco users during every visit. The rating scale for reporting barriers was: 0 = no and 1 = yes. A higher value represents a higher number of barriers to providing tobacco cessation treatment reported by participants(Range: 0-11). The difference in perceived barriers from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total number of perceived barriers at Questionnaire 1 from the total number of perceived barriers at Questionnaire 2. | Questionnaire 1(baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2(post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling /debriefing sessions) |
| Change From Baseline in Subjective Norms Score | Subjective norms are beliefs that people who influence your actions approve or disapprove of the behavior. The subjective norms variable was computed by adding the values of six questions to assess the participants' level of perceived social pressures to counsel patients in quitting tobacco use. Questions wer rated on a seven-point Likert scale; higher point values indicate a perceived social norm more supportive of counseling patients in quitting tobacco use(Range: 0-36). The difference in the subjective norms score from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total number of participants' subjective norms at Questionnaire 1 from the total number of participants' subjective norms at Questionnaire 2. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jacqueline A Singleton, MEd | University of Louisville | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Louisville School of Dentistry | Louisville | Kentucky | 40292 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17761623 | Result | Walsh SE, Singleton JA, Worth CT, Krugler J, Moore R, Wesley GC, Mitchell CK. Tobacco cessation counseling training with standardized patients. J Dent Educ. 2007 Sep;71(9):1171-8. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | View source |
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Students were excluded from the study if they did not meet study requirements.
The recruitment period began on February 23 and ended on April 19. The location of the study was at a dental school and the standardized patient clinic in the medical school.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Counseling Practice Sessions | Dental students will be administered the first questionnaire before receiving a tobacco cessation lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture, counseling practice sessions using standardized patients, and debriefing session. |
| FG001 | Lecture Only | Students will receive the first questionnaire before the lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
There were 94 dental students who provided linkable surveys. There were 42 in the intervention group and 52 in the control group.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Counseling Practice Sessions | Dental students will be administered the first questionnaire before receiving a tobacco cessation lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture, counseling practice sessions using standardized patients, and debriefing session. |
| BG001 | Lecture Only |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change From Baseline in Attitude Score | The attitude variable was computed by adding the values from two questionnaire items to assess the level agreement with statements: 1.) "It is important for members of the profession to discuss tobacco use with patients" and 2.) "A brief intervention (3 minutes) for tobacco cessation with my patients would be effective." The rating scale was: 0 = strongly disagree, 1 = moderately disagree, 2 = somewhat disagree, 3 = neither disagree or agree, 4 = somewhat agree, 5 = moderately agree, and 6 = strongly agree. A higher value represents participants' more positive attitude toward providing tobacco cessation treatment (Range:0-8). The difference in the attitude from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total value of the variable at Questionnaire 1 from the total value at Questionnaire 2. | The control group (lecture only) completed the second questionnaire after the lecture and the intervention group (counseling practice sessions) completed the second questionnaire after the counseling practice sessions and the debriefing session. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Questionnaire 1 (baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
3 months
Serious and nonserious adverse events were not collected for either arm of the study.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Lecture Only | participated in lecture only |
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One participant in the intervention group did not provide gender information. The total number of participants in the intervention group did not equal the number of male and female participants.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Jacqueline Singleton | University of Louisville | 502-852-2611 | jasing02@louisville.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012907 | Smoking |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Questionnaire 1 ( baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
| Change From Baseline in Perceived Skills Score | The perceived skills variable was computed by adding the values of seven questions that assessed the participants' perceived level of tobacco cessation treatment skills from poor to excellent. The rating scale was: 0 = poor, 1 = fair, 2 = good, 3 = very good, and 4 = excellent. A higher value represents a higher level of tobacco cessation treatment skills perceived by participants (Range: 0-28). The difference in the participants' perceived skills from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total value of perceived skills at Questionnaire 1 from the total value of perceived skills at Questionnaire 2. | Questionnaire 1(baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
| Change From Baseline in Self-efficacy Score | Self-efficacy represents an individual's confidence in his/her ability to perform a behavior. The self-efficacy variable was computed by adding the values of ten questions to assess the participants' self-efficacy to counsel patients to quit tobacco use. The rating scale was: 0 = not at all confident, 1 = not very confident, 2 = moderately confident, 3 = very confident, and 4 = extremely confident. A higher value represents participants' higher level of confidence in providing tobacco cessation treatment (Range: 0-40). The difference in participants' self-efficacy from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total value of self-efficacy at Questionnaire 1 from the total value at Questionnaire 2. | Questionaire 1 (baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
| Change From Baseline in Intentions Score | Participants' intentions to provide tobacco cessation treatment were computed by adding values from thirteen questions to assess dental students' intent to counsel patients to quit tobacco use. The rating scale was: 0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = almost always, 4 = always (every visit). A higher value represents participants' stronger intentions to provide tobacco cessation treatment (Range: 0-52). The difference in participants' intentions to provide tobacco cessation treatment from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total value of participants' intentions at Questionnaire 1 from the total value of participants' intentions at Questionnaire 2. | Questionnaire 1 (baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
| Change From Baseline in Tobacco Cessation Knowledge Score | The tobacco cessation knowledge variable was computed by adding the participants' total number of correct answers of the ten knowledge questions. The rating scale was: 0 = incorrect and 1 = correct. A higher value represents participants' higher level of tobacco cessation treatment knowledge (Range: 0-10). The difference in the tobacco cessation knowledge from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total number of participants' correct answers at Questionnaire 1 from the total number of participants' correct answers at Questionnaire 2. | Questionnaire 1 (pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
| American Cancer Society | View source |
| American Dental Association | View source |
| American Dental Hygienists' Association | View source |
Students will receive the first questionnaire before the lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex/Gender, Customized | Missing data on one participant. Data is unknown. | Number | participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| OG000 | Counseling Practice Sessions | Dental students will be administered the first questionnaire before receiving a tobacco cessation lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture, counseling practice sessions using standardized patients, and debriefing session. |
| OG001 | Lecture Only | Students will receive the first questionnaire before the lecture and the second questionnaire after the lecture |
|
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| Primary | Change From Baseline in Perceived Barriers Score | The perceived barriers variable was computed by adding the total number of barriers reported by participants. Participants were asked to select all factors that may limit their ability to counsel tobacco users during every visit. The rating scale for reporting barriers was: 0 = no and 1 = yes. A higher value represents a higher number of barriers to providing tobacco cessation treatment reported by participants(Range: 0-11). The difference in perceived barriers from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total number of perceived barriers at Questionnaire 1 from the total number of perceived barriers at Questionnaire 2. | The number of participants for analysis was determined by completing the second questionnaire after the lecture or after the counseling practice sessions using standardized patients. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Questionnaire 1(baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2(post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling /debriefing sessions) |
|
|
|
| Primary | Change From Baseline in Subjective Norms Score | Subjective norms are beliefs that people who influence your actions approve or disapprove of the behavior. The subjective norms variable was computed by adding the values of six questions to assess the participants' level of perceived social pressures to counsel patients in quitting tobacco use. Questions wer rated on a seven-point Likert scale; higher point values indicate a perceived social norm more supportive of counseling patients in quitting tobacco use(Range: 0-36). The difference in the subjective norms score from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total number of participants' subjective norms at Questionnaire 1 from the total number of participants' subjective norms at Questionnaire 2. | The number of participants for analysis was determined by the completing the questionnaire after the lecture or after the counseling practice sessions using standardized patients. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Questionnaire 1 ( baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
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| Primary | Change From Baseline in Perceived Skills Score | The perceived skills variable was computed by adding the values of seven questions that assessed the participants' perceived level of tobacco cessation treatment skills from poor to excellent. The rating scale was: 0 = poor, 1 = fair, 2 = good, 3 = very good, and 4 = excellent. A higher value represents a higher level of tobacco cessation treatment skills perceived by participants (Range: 0-28). The difference in the participants' perceived skills from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total value of perceived skills at Questionnaire 1 from the total value of perceived skills at Questionnaire 2. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Questionnaire 1(baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
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| Primary | Change From Baseline in Self-efficacy Score | Self-efficacy represents an individual's confidence in his/her ability to perform a behavior. The self-efficacy variable was computed by adding the values of ten questions to assess the participants' self-efficacy to counsel patients to quit tobacco use. The rating scale was: 0 = not at all confident, 1 = not very confident, 2 = moderately confident, 3 = very confident, and 4 = extremely confident. A higher value represents participants' higher level of confidence in providing tobacco cessation treatment (Range: 0-40). The difference in participants' self-efficacy from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total value of self-efficacy at Questionnaire 1 from the total value at Questionnaire 2. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Questionaire 1 (baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
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| Primary | Change From Baseline in Intentions Score | Participants' intentions to provide tobacco cessation treatment were computed by adding values from thirteen questions to assess dental students' intent to counsel patients to quit tobacco use. The rating scale was: 0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = almost always, 4 = always (every visit). A higher value represents participants' stronger intentions to provide tobacco cessation treatment (Range: 0-52). The difference in participants' intentions to provide tobacco cessation treatment from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total value of participants' intentions at Questionnaire 1 from the total value of participants' intentions at Questionnaire 2. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Questionnaire 1 (baseline/pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
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| Primary | Change From Baseline in Tobacco Cessation Knowledge Score | The tobacco cessation knowledge variable was computed by adding the participants' total number of correct answers of the ten knowledge questions. The rating scale was: 0 = incorrect and 1 = correct. A higher value represents participants' higher level of tobacco cessation treatment knowledge (Range: 0-10). The difference in the tobacco cessation knowledge from Questionnaire 1 to Questionnaire 2 was computed by subtracting the total number of participants' correct answers at Questionnaire 1 from the total number of participants' correct answers at Questionnaire 2. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Questionnaire 1 (pre-lecture) to Questionnaire 2 (post-lecture or post-lecture and counseling/debriefing sessions) |
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| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| EG001 | Counseling/Debriefing | participated in counseling and debriefing sessions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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