The purpose of this study is to determine normal values of the visual field (VF), corrected for age- and reaction time (RT) using the Octopus 900 perimeter and semi-automated kinetic perimetry (SKP).

Inclusion Criteria:

• maximum spherical ametropia ± 6 Diopters (D)
• maximum cylindrical ametropia ± 2 D
• distant visual acuity ≥ 1.0 logMAR [20/20] for subjects up to 60 years, ≥ 0.8 logMAR [20/25] for subjects from 61-70 years, ≥ 0.63 logMAR [20/30] for subjects older than 70 years
• isocoria, pupil diameter > 3mm
• intraocular pressure (air pulse tonometer) ≤ 21mmHg
• normal anterior segments
• ocular fundus: normal appearance of the cup to disc ratio (CDR) ≤ 0.5, interocular difference of CDR < 0.3
• normal macular region, vessels, and peripheral retinal examination (with undilated pupils).

Exclusion Criteria:

• amblyopia
• strabismus
• ocular motility disorder
• diseases of the retina
• glaucoma, glaucoma suspect
• macular degeneration
• IOP > 21 mmHg
• abnormal color vision test (ISPP - Ishihara and Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates = SPP)
• history or findings of other neuro-ophthalmological disease
• relevant opacities of the central refractive media (cornea, lens, vitreous body)
• use of miotic drugs
• intraocular surgery (except uncomplicated cataract surgery, more than three months previous to testing)
• kerato-refractive surgery (LASIK)
• drugs influencing reaction time
• drugs indicating severe general diseases (anti-diabetic pharmaceuticals and anti-hypertensive medication were allowed for subjects older than 70 years)
• mental diseases (for example psychosis)
• pregnancy, nursing
• acute infections
• heavy smoking (>10 cigarettes /day)
• alcohol abuse
• diabetic retinopathy
• coronary heart disease
• stroke
• migraine
• Raynaud's syndrome
• suspected lack of compliance