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The fact that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a well known efficacious intervention for children with anxiety disorders (AD) is undeniable. However, most children with AD have limited access to CBT. There is some controversial evidence on group CBT in AD involving families in treatment of their children and a published article on efficacy of a parent only group CBT for these children. Considering these data, the investigators hypothesized that teaching anxiety-fighting skills to parents of children with AD would diminish anxiety symptoms of both parents and children and improve family relational functioning.
All children and their parents were interviewed using K-SADS-PL-Persian Version, a semi-structured diagnostic interview to confirm the diagnoses and assess possible comorbidities. All diagnostic assessments were conducted by a fellowship of child and adolescent psychiatry. Following assessment, once the participants reached twenty members, they were invited to complete child and parent self-report measures. The level of child functioning and family relationship functioning were also evaluated. Then they were randomly allocated to either parent training (N=20) or a 6 week wait-list (N=22) groups. During 2 weeks after treatment the assessments were repeated and satisfaction ratings were collected for the intervention group.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| A parent only group CBT | Active Comparator | There was a Group cognitive behavioral intervention -based on parent training component of "FRIENDS" program- for parents of children with anxiety disorders who were allocated to intervention group. |
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| Waiting list group | No Intervention | Parents of children with anxiety disorders who met the inclusion criteria and gave written informed consent and were allocated to wait list group. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group cognitive behavioral intervention | Other | A Group cognitive behavioral intervention _based on parent training component of FRIENDS program_ was performed.The program protocol was translated to Persian, using the back translation method.The intervention was delivered in 6 two-hour weekly sessions. Two intervention groups ran, each group included 10 parents.The therapy was provided by an attending board certified child and adolescent psychiatrist and co lead by a fellow of child and adolescent psychiatry who distributed psychometric procedures and completed treatment adherence ratings. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety (RCMA) | This self report questionnaire consists of 28 items assessing a child's chronic or trait anxiety and 9 items assessing social desirability or potential lying. The RCMA has achieved a high internal consistency and moderate test-retest reliability. | up to 30 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) | This self report inventory has 27 items related to the cognitive, affective and behavioral signs of depression. The scale has high internal consistency and moderate test-retest reliability | 20 minutes |
| Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Zahra Shahrivar, MD | Tehran University of Medical Sciences | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rouzbeh Hospital | Tehran | Tehran Province | 13333 | Iran |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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This is a 42 item self-report instrument designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The DASS was shown to possess satisfactory psychometric properties.45-47 Parents completed this scale about their own negative emotional states |
| 20 minutes |
| Children Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) | This Scale was developed to be a more child-specific measure of functioning. This measure is currently used in diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of children's mental health problems to determine eligibility to receive mental health services and document treatment outcome status | 15 minutes |
| Assessment of Consumer Satisfaction | Post treatment, parents in the intervention group completed a satisfaction questionnaire to rate how useful the program was in controlling their own anxiety, in managing their child anxious behavior, in improving family relations, the likelihood they would attend the treatment program again if needed, and if they would recommend the program to others on a 1 (not recommend) to 7 (highly recommend) likert scale | 25 minutes |
| Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Home Version | This questionnaire is a parent report of psychopathology in children and adolescents. The scale consists of 25 items which generates five subscale scores (Emotional Symptoms, Conduct Problems, Inattention/Hyperactivity, Peer Problems and Prosocial Behavior) and a Total Difficulties Score. We used the SDQ Emotional Symptoms Scale (SDQ-Em) as a parent measure of child anxiety. SDQ has adequate internal consistency (α=0.37) and good test-retest reliability (r=0.62).42-44 The validity and reliability of SDQ has been confirmed in community samples of Iranian children and adolescents | [Time Frame: 30 minutes] |
| Global Relational Assessment of Functioning (GRAF) | It provides a measure of the quality of functioning based on a review of three major areas: problem-solving, organization, and the emotional atmosphere. Available psychometric evidence suggests that clinician and even non clinician raters can achieve good to excellent reliability with only minimal training. The validity of the GRAF is supported by expected correlations with other measures of family and couple distress and functioning | [Time Frame: 15 minutes] |