Substantial progress has been made in the treatment of cancer through the use of targeted therapies, but what works for one patient might not work for another patient. Certain drugs are now being developed that target specific molecules in the body that are believed to be part of the disease.

Biomarkers are specific characteristics of the cancer that may help provide prognostic information (i.e. how well patients will be regardless of the treatments given) or help predict sensitivity or resistance to a specific treatment.

The study will collect archival tumor samples (previously collected biopsy or surgical tumor samples) to provide biomarker data about a patient's cancer, in order to help their physicians to identify which clinical trials of molecularly targeted therapies may be most appropriate for the patient in the future.

The increasing appreciation and identification of specific somatic mutations and other genetic aberrations that drive cancers leave us on the threshold of a new era of "personalized cancer medicine", in which specific biomarkers will be used to direct targeted agents only to those patients deemed most likely to respond. The potential medical, scientific and economic benefits of such a personalized approach to cancer therapy are immense and self-evident. Yet despite some important advances, only a limited number of approved targeted agents have had their approvals predicated on specific biomarkers of sensitivity or resistance.

The premises behind personalized cancer medicine include: i) genetic aberrations exist in human malignancies; ii) a subset of these aberrations, often present across multiple cancer types, have functional relevance as "hallmarks" or "drivers" for oncogenesis and tumor progression; iii) such genetic aberrations are potentially "druggable" targets; and iv) there are tolerable medicinal compounds that can effectively modulate such targets. A key requirement of this new, personalized approach to anti-cancer therapy is that specific patients must be matched to a particular drug or combination of drugs. Molecular profiling of tumors to identify somatic mutations and/or other genetic aberrations are examples of enrichment strategies to assist in matching patients to drugs or treatments that have gained increasing interest in the oncology community.

The present protocol seeks to provide molecular profiling data to the treating physician for patients with advanced breast, non-small cell lung, colorectal, genitourinary, pancreatobiliary gastrointestinal, upper aerodigestive tract, gynecological, melanoma, unknown primary, and rare carcinomas, as well as patients who are phase I trial candidates, in order to help identify which standard regimens or clinical trials of molecularly targeted therapies may be most appropriate for the individual patient.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with histological confirmation of advanced breast, non-small cell lung, colorectal, genitourinary, pancreatobiliary gastrointestinal, upper aerodigestive tract, gynecological, melanoma, unknown primary, and rare carcinomas who are candidates for systemic therapy, as well as patients who are phase I trial candidates.
• Patient must be ≥ 18 years old.
• Patient's ECOG performance status equal to 0 or 1.
• All patients must have signed and dated an informed consent form.
• All patients must have sufficient archived tumor tissue for molecular profiling.

Exclusion Criteria:

• None

Advanced cancers (breast, non-small cell lung, colorectal, genitourinary, pancreatobiliary gastrointestinal, upper aerodigestive tract, gynecological, melanoma, unknown primary, and rare carcinomas) and phase 1 clinical trial candidates