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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2R01HL075078 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) | NIH |
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Obstructive sleep apnea affects approximately 2-4% of middle-aged adults in the general population and is associated with several medical conditions including hypertension and coronary artery. Research over the last decade has shown that obstructive sleep apnea may also increase the propensity for insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Positive airway pressure (PAP) is the first line therapy for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. While PAP therapy has several favorable effects such as improvements in daytime sleepiness and quality of life, it is not clear whether using PAP therapy can alter metabolic risk. The overall objective of this study is to examine whether treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with positive airway pressure therapy improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. The primary hypothesis of this study is that PAP therapy of obstructive sleep apnea will improve in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent medical conditions, affecting a staggering 246 million people worldwide. Obstructive sleep apnea is a relatively common and often undiagnosed condition in the general population. Cross-sectional studies of clinic and population-based samples suggest that up to 40% of patients with obstructive sleep apnea have type 2 diabetes and up to 75% of patients with type 2 diabetes have obstructive sleep apnea. There is increasing evidence that the pathophysiological features of intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation may be responsible for altering glucose homeostasis and worsening insulin sensitivity. The mechanisms through which obstructive sleep apnea impairs glucose metabolism are largely unknown. While intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation are likely to play an essential role, the relative contribution of each in the causal pathway remains to be determined. Moreover, whether the adverse effects of intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation are mediated through an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity, alterations in corticotropic function, and/or systemic inflammation is not known. Furthermore, it remains to be determined whether positive pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea has salutary effects on glucose metabolism. Many of the available studies examining the effects of PAP on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity are plagued by small sample sizes, lack of a control group, and limited data on compliance with positive pressure therapy. The current study will assess, using a community-based sample, whether treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with positive pressure therapy will improve insulin sensitivity, as assessed by the frequently sample intravenous glucose tolerance test (primary outcome measure).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive pressure therapy (PAP) | Active Comparator | Positive airway pressure(PAP) therapy is the standard of care for patients with obstructive sleep apnea. During sleep, a mask is worn over the nose and connected to the PAP machine. |
|
| Lifestyle counseling | Sham Comparator |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive Pressure Therapy (PAP) | Device | Positive pressure therapy is the standard of care for managing obstructive sleep apnea. It entails wearing a mask that is connected to the PAP device which deliver pressure to the upper airway during sleep. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin Sensitivity (SI) | Insulin sensitivity will be determined with the insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) before and 2-months after study intervention. This test requires administration of a weight-adjusted dose of D50W as an IV bolus at time "zero". After the glucose bolus, blood samples are drawn at the scheduled times for 3-hours. At the 20-minute mark, a weight-adjusted dose of regular insulin is administered. The resulting serum is analyzed for glucose and insulin and the "minimal model" (MINMOD) will be used to derive insulin sensitivity. A low SI signifies low insulin sensitivity and high SI represents high insulin sensitivity. | Baseline |
| Insulin Sensitivity (SI) | Insulin sensitivity will be determined with the insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) before and 2-months after study intervention. This test requires administration of a weight-adjusted dose of D50W as an IV bolus at time "zero". After the glucose bolus, blood samples are drawn at the scheduled times for 3-hours. At the 20-minute mark, a weight-adjusted dose of regular insulin is administered. The resulting serum is analyzed for glucose and insulin and the "minimal model" (MINMOD) will be used to derive insulin sensitivity. A low SI signifies low insulin sensitivity and high SI represents high insulin sensitivity. | 2 months after intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Glucose Effectiveness (SG) | Glucose effectiveness is the ability for glucose to move intracellularly in the absence of insulin. It is a parameter that results from the MINMOD analysis of the serum glucose and insulin levels derived from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Low SG indicates a lower predisposition for glucose disposal independent of any effects of insulin. | Baseline |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Naresh M Punjabi, MD, PhD | Johns Hopkins University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center | Baltimore | Maryland | 21224 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11991871 | Background | Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 May 1;165(9):1217-39. doi: 10.1164/rccm.2109080. | |
| 12853008 | Background | Punjabi NM, Ahmed MM, Polotsky VY, Beamer BA, O'Donnell CP. Sleep-disordered breathing, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2003 Jul 16;136(2-3):167-78. doi: 10.1016/s1569-9048(03)00079-x. |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Positive Pressure Therapy (PAP) | Positive airway pressure(PAP) therapy is the standard of care for patients with obstructive sleep apnea. During sleep, a mask is worn over the nose and connected to the PAP machine. Positive Pressure Therapy (PAP): Positive pressure therapy is the standard of care for managing obstructive sleep apnea. It entails wearing a mask that is connected to the PAP device which deliver pressure to the upper airway during sleep. |
| FG001 | Lifestyle Counseling | LifeStyle Counseling: Subjects randomized to the lifestyle (and nutritional) counseling arm will be given advice on a balanced dietary and exercise plan. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout)
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Positive Pressure Therapy (PAP) | Positive airway pressure(PAP) therapy is the standard of care for patients with obstructive sleep apnea. During sleep, a mask is worn over the nose and connected to the PAP machine. Positive Pressure Therapy (PAP): Positive pressure therapy is the standard of care for managing obstructive sleep apnea. It entails wearing a mask that is connected to the PAP device which deliver pressure to the upper airway during sleep. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Insulin Sensitivity (SI) | Insulin sensitivity will be determined with the insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) before and 2-months after study intervention. This test requires administration of a weight-adjusted dose of D50W as an IV bolus at time "zero". After the glucose bolus, blood samples are drawn at the scheduled times for 3-hours. At the 20-minute mark, a weight-adjusted dose of regular insulin is administered. The resulting serum is analyzed for glucose and insulin and the "minimal model" (MINMOD) will be used to derive insulin sensitivity. A low SI signifies low insulin sensitivity and high SI represents high insulin sensitivity. | 55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | [mU/L]^-1 x [min]^-1 | Baseline |
|
up to 4 months after enrollment in study
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Positive Pressure Therapy (PAP) | Positive airway pressure(PAP) therapy is the standard of care for patients with obstructive sleep apnea. During sleep, a mask is worn over the nose and connected to the PAP machine. Positive Pressure Therapy (PAP): Positive pressure therapy is the standard of care for managing obstructive sleep apnea. It entails wearing a mask that is connected to the PAP device which deliver pressure to the upper airway during sleep. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naresh Punjabi | Johns Hopkins University | 410-550-6384 | npunjabi@jhmi.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020181 | Sleep Apnea, Obstructive |
| D012891 | Sleep Apnea Syndromes |
| D007333 | Insulin Resistance |
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001049 | Apnea |
| D012120 | Respiration Disorders |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D020919 | Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004032 | Diet |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009747 | Nutritional Physiological Phenomena |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
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|
| LifeStyle Counseling | Behavioral | Subjects randomized to the lifestyle (and nutritional) counseling arm will be given advice on a balanced dietary and exercise plan. |
|
|
| Glucose Effectiveness (SG) | Glucose effectiveness is the ability for glucose to move intracellularly in the absence of insulin. It is a parameter that results from the MINMOD analysis of the serum glucose and insulin levels derived from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Low SG indicates a lower predisposition for glucose disposal independent of any effects of insulin. | 2 months after intervention |
| Disposition Index (DI) | The disposition index is the mathematical product of insulin sensitivity (SI) and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) both of which are derived from the MINMOD analysis of the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test data. A low DI is indicative of a higher risk of developing diabetes. | Baseline |
| Disposition Index (DI) | The disposition index is the mathematical product of insulin sensitivity (SI) and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) both of which are derived from the MINMOD analysis of the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test data. | 2 months after intervention |
| Acute Insulin Response to Glucose (AIRG) | The acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) value is derived from the MINMOD analysis of the glucose and insulin levels obtained during the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. A low AIRG indicates decreased ability of the pancreas to secrete insulin. | Baseline |
| Acute Insulin Response to Glucose (AIRG) | The acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) value is derived from the MINMOD analysis of the glucose and insulin levels obtained during the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. A low AIRG indicates decreased ability of the pancreas to secrete insulin. | 2 months after intervention |
| Endothelial Function | Endothelial function will be assessed using peripheral arterial tonometry using the Endo-PAT device. Using the EndoPat device, the relative vasoconstriction of occluded versus non-occluded arms was derived and provided the relative hyperemic index. | Baseline |
| Endothelial Function | Endothelial function will be assessed using peripheral arterial tonometry using the Endo-PAT device. Using the EndoPat device, the relative vasoconstriction of occluded versus non-occluded arms was derived and provided the relative hyperemic index. | 2 month after intervention |
| Area Under the Curve Assessed by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Results of the oral glucose tolerance test will be analyzed using indices derived from the serial glucose and insulin levels over the 2 hour period. This will be the area under the glucose/ insulin curves | Baseline |
| Area Under the Curve Assessed by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) | Results of the oral glucose tolerance test will be analyzed using indices derived from the serial glucose and insulin levels over a 2 hour period 2 months post intervention. This will be the area under the glucose/ insulin curves | 2 month after intervention |
| 18252916 | Background | Tasali E, Mokhlesi B, Van Cauter E. Obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes: interacting epidemics. Chest. 2008 Feb;133(2):496-506. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-0828. |
| 20047348 | Background | Punjabi NM; Workshop Participants. Do sleep disorders and associated treatments impact glucose metabolism? Drugs. 2009;69 Suppl 2:13-27. doi: 10.2165/11531150-000000000-00000. |
| 25411804 | Derived | Aurora RN, Swartz R, Punjabi NM. Misclassification of OSA severity with automated scoring of home sleep recordings. Chest. 2015 Mar;147(3):719-727. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-0929. |
| BG001 | Lifestyle Counseling | Positive Pressure Therapy (PAP): Positive pressure therapy is the standard of care for managing obstructive sleep apnea. It entails wearing a mask that is connected to the PAP device which deliver pressure to the upper airway during sleep. LifeStyle Counseling: Subjects randomized to the lifestyle (and nutritional) counseling arm will be given advice on a balanced dietary and exercise plan. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| OG001 | Lifestyle Counseling | Positive Pressure Therapy (PAP): Positive pressure therapy is the standard of care for managing obstructive sleep apnea. It entails wearing a mask that is connected to the PAP device which deliver pressure to the upper airway during sleep. LifeStyle Counseling: Subjects randomized to the lifestyle (and nutritional) counseling arm will be given advice on a balanced dietary and exercise plan. |
|
|
| Primary | Insulin Sensitivity (SI) | Insulin sensitivity will be determined with the insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) before and 2-months after study intervention. This test requires administration of a weight-adjusted dose of D50W as an IV bolus at time "zero". After the glucose bolus, blood samples are drawn at the scheduled times for 3-hours. At the 20-minute mark, a weight-adjusted dose of regular insulin is administered. The resulting serum is analyzed for glucose and insulin and the "minimal model" (MINMOD) will be used to derive insulin sensitivity. A low SI signifies low insulin sensitivity and high SI represents high insulin sensitivity. | 55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | [mU/L]^-1 x [min]^-1 | 2 months after intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Glucose Effectiveness (SG) | Glucose effectiveness is the ability for glucose to move intracellularly in the absence of insulin. It is a parameter that results from the MINMOD analysis of the serum glucose and insulin levels derived from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Low SG indicates a lower predisposition for glucose disposal independent of any effects of insulin. | 55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | [min]^-1 | Baseline |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Glucose Effectiveness (SG) | Glucose effectiveness is the ability for glucose to move intracellularly in the absence of insulin. It is a parameter that results from the MINMOD analysis of the serum glucose and insulin levels derived from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Low SG indicates a lower predisposition for glucose disposal independent of any effects of insulin. | 55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | [min]^-1 | 2 months after intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Disposition Index (DI) | The disposition index is the mathematical product of insulin sensitivity (SI) and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) both of which are derived from the MINMOD analysis of the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test data. A low DI is indicative of a higher risk of developing diabetes. | 55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | [mU/L]^-1 x [min]^-1] x [mU/L-min] | Baseline |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Disposition Index (DI) | The disposition index is the mathematical product of insulin sensitivity (SI) and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) both of which are derived from the MINMOD analysis of the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test data. | 55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | [mU/L]^-1 x [min]^-1] x [mU/L-min] | 2 months after intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Acute Insulin Response to Glucose (AIRG) | The acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) value is derived from the MINMOD analysis of the glucose and insulin levels obtained during the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. A low AIRG indicates decreased ability of the pancreas to secrete insulin. | 55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | [mU/L-min] | Baseline |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Acute Insulin Response to Glucose (AIRG) | The acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) value is derived from the MINMOD analysis of the glucose and insulin levels obtained during the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. A low AIRG indicates decreased ability of the pancreas to secrete insulin. | 55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | [mU/L-min] | 2 months after intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Endothelial Function | Endothelial function will be assessed using peripheral arterial tonometry using the Endo-PAT device. Using the EndoPat device, the relative vasoconstriction of occluded versus non-occluded arms was derived and provided the relative hyperemic index. | Data was unable to be collected for all participants in this outcome measure. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | ratio of occluded versus non-occluded | Baseline |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Endothelial Function | Endothelial function will be assessed using peripheral arterial tonometry using the Endo-PAT device. Using the EndoPat device, the relative vasoconstriction of occluded versus non-occluded arms was derived and provided the relative hyperemic index. | Data was not collected for all participants for this outcome measure. Participants for whom data was available are included in analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | ratio | 2 month after intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Area Under the Curve Assessed by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | Results of the oral glucose tolerance test will be analyzed using indices derived from the serial glucose and insulin levels over the 2 hour period. This will be the area under the glucose/ insulin curves | 55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL per 120 min | Baseline |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Area Under the Curve Assessed by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) | Results of the oral glucose tolerance test will be analyzed using indices derived from the serial glucose and insulin levels over a 2 hour period 2 months post intervention. This will be the area under the glucose/ insulin curves | 55 randomized to PAP (2 dropout); 56 randomized to lifestyle (1 dropout) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL per 120 min | 2 month after intervention |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 55 |
| 0 |
| 55 |
| 0 |
| 55 |
| EG001 | Lifestyle Counseling | Positive Pressure Therapy (PAP): Positive pressure therapy is the standard of care for managing obstructive sleep apnea. It entails wearing a mask that is connected to the PAP device which deliver pressure to the upper airway during sleep. LifeStyle Counseling: Subjects randomized to the lifestyle (and nutritional) counseling arm will be given advice on a balanced dietary and exercise plan. | 0 | 56 | 0 | 56 | 0 | 56 |
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| D020920 |
| Dyssomnias |
| D012893 | Sleep Wake Disorders |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D006946 | Hyperinsulinism |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |