Pendulum exercises starting on the first postoperative day. The patients are instructed to commence passive range-of-motion exercises in the plane of the scapula with the assistance with the contralateral limb. Active motion exercises were not permitted until four weeks after surgery.

Immobilization with sling during a month. Pendulum exercises starting on the fourth postoperative week. The patients are instructed to commence passive range-of-motion exercises in the plane of the scapula with the assistance with the contralateral limb. Active motion exercises.

Shoulder exercises starting on the first postoperative day

The ASES is 100-point standardized shoulder-assessment self-report form, 50 points of which are derived from patient self-report of pain on a visual analog scale and 50 points of which are computed from a formula using the cumulative score of 10 activities of daily living derived using a four-point ordinal scale.