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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Stanford University | OTHER |
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This research study represents a pilot, open arm study that will evaluate the safety of using Non-invasive Electrical Stimulation of Acupuncture Points (NESAP) in 42 newborn infants less than 3 days of age who require heel sticks for clinical blood sampling. The investigators plan to enroll 51 infants into the study in order to obtain 42 completed infants. Two sub studies will precede the main safety study, with 6 infants in each sub study and 30 infants in the main study. These two sub studies will use electrical stimulation intensities that are a fraction of the planned intensity of electrical stimulation that will be used during the main part of the study.
The clinical trial will be performed at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Hospital (Little Rock, AR). The study will evaluate the pain response to heel stick routinely used to obtain This blood from 30 term neonatal infants, ages 37 to 42 weeks Electrical stimulation will be applied at appropriate acupuncture points using a very low current for 10 minutes, routine for procedural pain. The response to pain will be assessed using pain scales and physiologic changes.
The investigators hypothesize that the NESAP procedure is safe in newborn infants undergoing a routine heelstick.
The investigators propose an open label trial to assess the safety of using electrical stimulation at acupuncture sites in 42 infants receiving a routine heel stick. Two sub studies will precede the main safety study, with 6 infants in each sub study and 30 infants in the main study. These sub studies will use electrical stimulation intensities that are a fraction of the planned intensity of the electrical stimulation that will be used for the main part of the study.
As part of routine neonatal screening, blood will be collected from a heel stick(s) by qualified nursing staff in the hospital nursery or in the patient's room. Less than one ml of blood will be drawn over 1-2 minutes. Study infants will be watched more carefully with heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation performed as part of this study. Infants not participating in the study will be watched as per usual unit protocol.
Electrical stimulation at acupuncture sites will be administered via an EMPI Select Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) unit. To produce analgesia, small electrodes will be placed on the baby's legs at specific acupuncture points: ZuSanLi (ST36) just below the knee, triggers release of endorphins; SanYinJiao (SP6) just above the inner ankle, important point for energy balance; Kun Lun (BL60) depression behind lateral malleolus, protects local tissue trauma to heel; and Tai Xi (Ki3) behind the inner ankle, an important energy meridian. 25, 39, 48-50, StimCare self-adhesive electrodes with a gel base will be applied to the skin; the skin will not be punctured by these procedures. For the main part of the study, a low continuous current will be provided with minimal voltage of 3.5 milliamps (mA). The frequency will be delivered using a stimulation of 10 Hz for 10±1 minutes prior to the heelstick, with continued stimulation during and for 5±1 min after the heelstick. This paradigm is based on the basic animal research developed by Dr. Han and other research groups. Two sub studies will precede the main safety study, with 6 infants in each sub study, using electrical stimulation intensities that are a fraction of the planned intensity. Infants in sub study 1 will receive electrical stimulation at 1 mA and 2 Hz. Infants in sub study 2 will receive electrical stimulation at 2 mA and 10 Hz.
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMPI Select Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation | Device | Experimental: EMPI Select TENS unit For analgesia, StimCare electrodes will be placed on the baby's legs at specific acupuncture points and electrical stimulation will be administered via a standard EMPI Select TENS unit. For the main study, a low continuous current will be provided with voltage of 3.5 mA. The frequency will be delivered using a stimulation of 10 Hz for 10±1 minutes prior to the heelstick, with continued stimulation during and for 5±1 min after the heel stick. Two sub studies will precede the main safety study, with 6 infants in each, using electrical stimulation intensities that are a fraction of the planned intensity. Infants in sub study 1 will receive electrical stimulation at 1 mA and 2 Hz. Infants in sub study 2 will receive electrical stimulation at 2 mA and 10 Hz. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate During Treatment With TENS Unit | Changes in heart rate will be recorded after an initial baseline heart rate. Heart rate will be taken at baseline, after 5 minutes of NESAP, at 5 minutes after end of heel stick, and upon return to infant's room. | Duration of the TENS unit treatment and heel stick, an expected average of 20 minutes. |
| Oxygen Saturation During Treatment With TENS Unit and Routine Heel Stick | Changes in oxygen saturation after an initial baseline oxygen saturation. Oxygen saturation will be measured after TENS unit is initiated, for 10 minutes between TENS initiation and heel stick,during heel stick, and for 5 minutes afterwards. Measurements will be taken at baseline, after 5 minutes of NESAP, and at 5 minutes after end of heel stick. | Baseline, duration of the TENS unit treatment and heel stick, an expected average of 20 minutes. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure During TENS Treatment and Heel Stick | Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure after initial baseline. Measurements will be taken at baseline, after 5 minutes of NESAP, at 5 minutes after end of heel stick, and upon return to infant's room. | Duration of the TENS unit treatment and heel stick, an expected average of 20 minutes. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Richard Hall, MD | University of Arkansas | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences | Little Rock | Arkansas | 72205 | United States |
The parents of one infant signed the consent form but then changed their minds before the infant actually participated in the study. This infant was withdrawn from the study.
Recruitment period started 12/15/11, ended 06/21/12. All recruitment took place in the well mothers and babies (rooming-in) unit at the University of Arkansas Medical Center (UAMS). Parents of infants were contacted in their individual rooms by research staff and parents signed IRB -approved consents if they wanted their infants to participate.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Noninvasive Electrical Stimulation Acupuncture Points (NESAP) | This was a single arm study, a descriptive pilot study to assess the safety of using noninvasive electrical stimulation at acupuncture points (NESAP) as an analgesic during routine heel sticks for newborn screenings. All infants who participated in the study received NESAP starting 10 minutes before the heel stick. The treatment continued throughout the heel stick and for 5 minutes afterwards. The first 6 infants received NESAP with an Empi Select transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit at 1.0 mA, 2 Hz. THe second 6 infants received TENS unit stimulation at 2.0 mA, 10 Hz. The last 18 infants received TENS unit stimulation at 3.5 mA, 10 Hz. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Noninvasive Electrical Stimulation Acupuncture Points (NESAP) | This was a single arm study, a descriptive pilot study to assess the safety of using noninvasive electrical stimulation at acupuncture points (NESAP) as an analgesic during routine heel sticks for newborn screenings. All infants who participated in the study received NESAP starting 10 minutes before the heel stick. The treatment continued throughout the heel stick and for 5 minutes afterwards. The first 6 infants received NESAP with an Empi Select transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit at 1.0 mA, 2 Hz. THe second 6 infants received TENS unit stimulation at 2.0 mA, 10 Hz. The last 18 infants received TENS unit stimulation at 3.5 mA, 10 Hz. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Heart Rate During Treatment With TENS Unit | Changes in heart rate will be recorded after an initial baseline heart rate. Heart rate will be taken at baseline, after 5 minutes of NESAP, at 5 minutes after end of heel stick, and upon return to infant's room. | We based power analysis on 90% power for detecting that the PIPP score had increased by 4, indicating a significant change. With 30 infants, we had 90% power for detecting whether the pain score (PIPP) had increased significantly when testing with a .05 level, one-sided paired t-test. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | beats per minute | Duration of the TENS unit treatment and heel stick, an expected average of 20 minutes. |
|
6 months
Monitored before, during, and after NESAP for heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, seizure activity, emesis, color change, skin changes, muscle tone changes. One week follow-up by phone.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Noninvasive Electrical Stimulation Acupuncture Points (NESAP) | This was a single arm study, a descriptive pilot study to assess the safety of using noninvasive electrical stimulation at acupuncture points (NESAP) as an analgesic during routine heel sticks for newborn screenings. All infants who participated in the study received NESAP starting 10 minutes before the heel stick. The treatment continued throughout the heel stick and for 5 minutes afterwards. The first 6 infants received NESAP with an Empi Select transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit at 1.0 mA, 2 Hz. THe second 6 infants received TENS unit stimulation at 2.0 mA, 10 Hz. The last 18 infants received TENS unit stimulation at 3.5 mA, 10 Hz. |
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This was a small pilot study to determine safety of a TENS unit to deliver NESAP to newborn infants during routine heel sticks. The purpose was not to determine efficacy of NESAP to relieve pain during heel sticks. A large clinical trial will follow.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anita Mitchell PhD, coinvestigator | University of Arkansas | 501-686-7021 | AMitchell@uams.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| Pain During TENS Treatment and Routine Heel Stick | Pain scores were measured using the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP). The PIPP is a composite pain tool that measures pain based on behavioral and physiologic parameters and adjusts for gestational age. Differences in pain scores were recorded throughout the heel stick process, using a baseline score as reference. Mean pain scores were calculated before NESAP (baseline), after the TENS unit was turned on, after ten minutes of NESAP but before heel stick, during heel cleaning, during the initial heel stick, during heel squeeze, and during recovery. For term infants, the range of PIPP scores is on a scale of 0 for no pain to 18 for severe pain. A score of 6 indicate mild pain, and a score of 11 -12 indicates moderate pain. An increase in PIPP score of 4 or greater from baseline indicates a significant change in pain level. | Pain score given during the heel stick process and for 2 minutes afterwards |
| Skin Assessment | Areas of skin where the Stim Care electrodes are placed will be assessed for redness, tenderness, or any other change in skin condition. Assessment will take place at baseline, after the NESAP procedure, upon discharge from the hospital, and after one week. If there is a problem at one week, there will be additional follow-up at two weeks. | Post procedure monitoring for the duration of the hospital stay, an expected average of 1 day. Follow up phone calls at one week and again at two weeks if needed. |
| Participants |
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| Age Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | days |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Primary | Oxygen Saturation During Treatment With TENS Unit and Routine Heel Stick | Changes in oxygen saturation after an initial baseline oxygen saturation. Oxygen saturation will be measured after TENS unit is initiated, for 10 minutes between TENS initiation and heel stick,during heel stick, and for 5 minutes afterwards. Measurements will be taken at baseline, after 5 minutes of NESAP, and at 5 minutes after end of heel stick. | We based power analysis on 90% power for detecting that the PIPP score had increased by 4, indicating a significant increase in pain level. With 30 infants, we had 90% power to detect a significant increase in PIPP score with a .05 level, one-sided paired t-test. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage of oxygen saturation | Baseline, duration of the TENS unit treatment and heel stick, an expected average of 20 minutes. |
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| Secondary | Blood Pressure During TENS Treatment and Heel Stick | Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure after initial baseline. Measurements will be taken at baseline, after 5 minutes of NESAP, at 5 minutes after end of heel stick, and upon return to infant's room. | We based power analysis on 90% power for detecting that the PIPP score had increased by 4, indicating a significant change. With 30 infants, we had 90% power for detecting whether the pain score (PIPP) had increased significantly when testing with a .05 level, one-sided paired t-test. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm Hg | Duration of the TENS unit treatment and heel stick, an expected average of 20 minutes. |
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| Secondary | Pain During TENS Treatment and Routine Heel Stick | Pain scores were measured using the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP). The PIPP is a composite pain tool that measures pain based on behavioral and physiologic parameters and adjusts for gestational age. Differences in pain scores were recorded throughout the heel stick process, using a baseline score as reference. Mean pain scores were calculated before NESAP (baseline), after the TENS unit was turned on, after ten minutes of NESAP but before heel stick, during heel cleaning, during the initial heel stick, during heel squeeze, and during recovery. For term infants, the range of PIPP scores is on a scale of 0 for no pain to 18 for severe pain. A score of 6 indicate mild pain, and a score of 11 -12 indicates moderate pain. An increase in PIPP score of 4 or greater from baseline indicates a significant change in pain level. | We based power analysis on 90% power for detecting that the PIPP score had increased by 4, indicating a significant change. With 30 infants, we had 90% power for detecting whether the pain score (PIPP) had increased significantly when testing with a .05 level, one-sided paired t-test. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Pain score given during the heel stick process and for 2 minutes afterwards |
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| Secondary | Skin Assessment | Areas of skin where the Stim Care electrodes are placed will be assessed for redness, tenderness, or any other change in skin condition. Assessment will take place at baseline, after the NESAP procedure, upon discharge from the hospital, and after one week. If there is a problem at one week, there will be additional follow-up at two weeks. | We based power analysis on 90% power for detecting that the PIPP score had increased by 4, indicating a significant change. With 30 infants,we had 90% power for detecting whether the pain score (PIPP) had increased significantly when testing with a .05 level, one sided paired t test | Posted | Number | participants | Post procedure monitoring for the duration of the hospital stay, an expected average of 1 day. Follow up phone calls at one week and again at two weeks if needed. |
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| 0 |
| 30 |
| 0 |
| 30 |
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| Systolic blood pressure after return to room |
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| Pain score (PIPP) during heel cleaning |
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| Pain score (PIPP) during heel stick |
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| Pain score (PIPP) during heel squeeze |
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| Pain score (PIPP) during recovery |
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| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
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| Skin irritation after one week |
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