This is a randomized placebo-controlled trial to examine if once daily probiotic therapy will lower serum LPS levels and immune activation among HIV-infected youth.

This is a double masked randomized placebo-controlled trial to examine if once daily probiotic therapy will lower serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and immune activation among HIV-infected youth. The study will enroll two cohorts: (1) a cohort of subjects who are not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and have absolute CD4 T-cell count greater than 350 cells/ul and quantitative HIV-1 plasma RNA (viral load) less than 50,000 copies/ml; and (2) a cohort of subjects who are receiving ART and have absolute CD4 T-cell count greater than 350 cells/ul and and quantitative HIV-1 plasma RNA (viral load) less than 400 copies/ml.

Inclusion Criteria:

To be considered eligible for enrollment, an individual must meet the criteria listed below.

• Age 13 years and 0 days to 24 years and 364 days at the time of consent
• Confirmed or suspected to have acquired HIV infection at age 10 years or older
• HIV-1 infection as documented by any FDA-approved ELISA test kit and confirmed by Western blot, HIV-1 culture, HIV-1 antigen, HIV-1 DNA, plasma HIV-1 RNA, or a second antibody test by a method other than ELISA at any time prior to pre-entry
• Absolute CD4 T-cell count greater than 350 cells/ul at pre-entry
• Cohort 1 - Not receiving ART and no exposure to ART in the 24 weeks prior to pre-entry: Quantitative HIV-1 plasma RNA (viral load) less than 50,000 copies/ml on two consecutive determinations at least 8 weeks apart in the 24 weeks prior to and including pre-entry
• Cohort 2 - Currently receiving ART and received ART for at least the 24 weeks prior to pre-entry: Quantitative HIV-1 plasma RNA (viral load) less than 400 copies/ml on two consecutive determinations at least 8 weeks apart in the 24 weeks prior to and including pre-entry
• Willingness to refrain from regular use of foods/supplements containing probiotics other than that supplied by the study during the course of study participation

Exclusion Criteria:

To be considered eligible for enrollment, an individual must not meet any of the criteria listed below.

• Known hypersensitivity to probiotics
• Active AIDS-defining condition or acute serious illness
• Cohort 1 - Not receiving ART and no exposure to ART in the 24 weeks prior to pre-entry: Any quantitative HIV-1 plasma RNA (viral load) equal to or greater than 50,000 copies/ml during the 24 weeks prior or at pre-entry.
• Cohort 2 - Currently receiving ART and received ART for at least the 24 weeks prior to pre-entry: Any quantitative HIV-1 plasma RNA (viral load) equal to or greater than 400 copies/ml during the 24 weeks prior or at pre-entry
• Known history of inflammatory bowel disease or similar disorder of the GI tract
• Current treatment with immune-modulating or immune-suppressive therapy
• Active malignancy at pre-entry
• Pregnancy
• Grade 3 or higher clinical or laboratory toxicities at the time of randomization
• Regular use of foods or supplements containing probiotics within the 2 weeks prior to randomization (see Appendix V)
• Concurrent participation in the ATN 061, 071, 081, and/or 101 protocols