This intervention, provided by phone and face to face by project staff, provided equal time and attention. Critical factors were (1) education about OSA and risks, (2) education about memory, and other health topics of interest to the participants; (3) motivational interviewing to reinforce participants' health-related goals; (4) building rapport, and (5) social support by a study partner.

Attention/reaction time will assessed using the PVT. The participants sat in a closed and quiet examination room, without any auditory or visual disturbance. A 1-minute mock PVT demonstration was done prior to each test. The PVT visual display was held 14-22 inches from the subject's eyes. The participants were asked to either use the index finger or thumb of their dominant hand to respond to the PVT signals. The participants were instructed to maintain the fastest possible reaction times to a simple visual stimulus: a red light emitting diode displaying time in milliseconds in a window of the portable PVT device. We used number of lapses, defined as mean reaction time above 500 milliseconds (errors of omission) as the primary outcome. Lower score indicates better outcomes (Less lapses).

Daytime sleepiness be assessed using ESS. The ESS asks the respondent to rate the likelihood of falling asleep in eight specific situations using a four-point Likert scale ranging from never dozing to high chance of dozing. The scale significantly correlates with the frequency of apneas and is a clinical and research standard for the assessment of daytime sleepiness. The total score ranges from 0 to 24, a higher score indicates higher chance of daytime sleepiness (worse outcome).

Global change (progression) will be assessed using ADCS-CGIC at 1 year. It has 8 categories as markedly improved, moderately improved, minimally improved, not changed, minimally worse, moderately worse, markedly worse, missing response.

Cognitive ability will be assessed and staged using CDR. It contains 6 items (memory, orientation, judgement and problem solving, community affairs, home and hobbies, personal care), and each item ranges from 0 to 3. The total score ranges from 0 to 18, a higher score indicates a worse outcome. We observed the change of CDR score from baseline to 1-year follow up. Improved on CDR was defined as a lower CDR score compared to baseline. Reference group is unimproved, defined as worsened (higher) CDR or unchanged CDR compared to baseline.

Device: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure [CPAP]. Included those diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The diagnostic criteria for OSA was defined as an Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) score of greater than or equal to 10. CPAP was prescribed for nightly use. Mean CPAP use less than 4 hours per night over one year.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure [CPAP]: Study participants with sleep apnea will choose to use or not use a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine to treat their apnea after a consultation with their doctor. Dosage of CPAP will be individually determined using standardized methods in an overnight CPAP titration polysomnography.

Total of all reporting groups

Participants who have more than a high school education.

Participants who are married or cohabitate.

Body mass index (BMI) is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is expressed in units of kg/m2.

Only 45 of the 54 participants provided income data.

Only 45 of the 54 participants provided income data.

Only 45 of the 54 participants provided income data.

Only 45 of the 54 participants provided income data.

Only 45 of the 54 participants provided income data.

The Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene has three major forms: ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4. The ApoE4 allele has been linked to higher incidence of development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) as well as Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).

Only 52 of the 54 participants provided data.

The ApoE gene has three major forms: ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4. The ApoE4 allele has been linked to higher incidence of development of AD as well as OSA.

Only 52 of the 54 participants provided data.

The ApoE gene has three major forms: ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4. The ApoE4 allele has been linked to higher incidence of development of AD as well as OSA.

Only 52 of the 54 participants provided data.

The ApoE gene has three major forms: ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4. The ApoE4 allele has been linked to higher incidence of development of AD as well as OSA.

Only 52 of the 54 participants provided data.

The ApoE gene has three major forms: ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4. The ApoE4 allele has been linked to higher incidence of development of AD as well as OSA.

Only 52 of the 54 participants provided data.

The ApoE gene has three major forms: ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4. The ApoE4 allele has been linked to higher incidence of development of AD as well as OSA.

Only 52 of the 54 participants provided data.

An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical or a drug that inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists are a class of anesthetics that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the NMDA receptor.

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a 30-point questionnaire with possible total scores ranging from 0-30 (higher scores are better). Inclusion criteria included normal general cognition defined as MMSE greater than or equal to 24.

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), a 5-point scale used to characterize six domains of cognitive and functional performance applicable to Alzheimer disease and related dementias (lower scores are better). 0 = Normal, 0.5 = Very Mild Dementia,1 = Mild Dementia, 2 = Moderate Dementia, 3 = Severe Dementia.

Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is an 8-item measure used to assess daytime sleepiness. Scores range from 0 to 24. Lower scores are better - indicating sleepiness is affecting functioning less.

Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI)-II is a 21-item instrument intended to assess the existence and intensity of symptoms of depression. Cut score guidelines for the BDI-II are given with the recommendation that thresholds be adjusted based on the characteristics of the sample, and the purpose for use of the BDI-II. Total score of 0-13 is considered minimal range, 14-19 is mild, 20-28 is moderate, and 29-63 is severe.

Total sleep time assessed with the Apnea Risk Evaluation System (ARES), which is used to screen for sleep apnea.

Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) is assessed with the Apnea Risk Evaluation System (ARES), which is used to screen for sleep apnea. AHI is calculated by dividing the number of apnea events by the number of hours of sleep. AHI values for adults are categorized as: Normal: AHI<5; Mild sleep apnea: 5</=AHI<15; Moderate sleep apnea: 15</=AHI<30; Severe sleep apnea: AHI>/=30

Lowest oxygen saturation assessed with the Apnea Risk Evaluation System (ARES), which is used to screen for sleep apnea. Normal blood oxygen levels in humans are considered 95-100 percent.

Total sleep time assessed with polysomnography (PSG), also called a sleep study, which is used to diagnose sleep disorders.

AHI assessed with polysomnography (PSG), also called a sleep study, which is used to diagnose sleep disorders. AHI is calculated by dividing the number of apnea events by the number of hours of sleep. AHI values for adults are categorized as: Normal: AHI<5; Mild sleep apnea: 5</=AHI<15; Moderate sleep apnea: 15</=AHI<30; Severe sleep apnea: AHI>/=30

Lowest oxygen saturation assessed with polysomnography (PSG), also called a sleep study, which is used to diagnose sleep disorders. Normal blood oxygen levels in humans are considered 95-100 percent.

Total sleep time assessed with split-night polysomnography (PSG), a strategy that encompasses both diagnosis of OSA and initiation of positive pressure therapy in a single night.

AHI assessed with split-night polysomnography (PSG), a strategy that encompasses both diagnosis of OSA and initiation of positive pressure therapy in a single night. AHI is calculated by dividing the number of apnea events by the number of hours of sleep. AHI values for adults are categorized as: Normal: AHI<5; Mild sleep apnea: 5</=AHI<15; Moderate sleep apnea: 15</=AHI<30; Severe sleep apnea: AHI>/=30

Lowest oxygen saturation assessed with split-night polysomnography (PSG), a strategy that encompasses both diagnosis of OSA and initiation of positive pressure therapy in a single night. Normal blood oxygen levels in humans are considered 95-100 percent.

Device: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure [CPAP]. Included those diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The diagnostic criteria for OSA was defined as an Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) score of greater than or equal to 10. CPAP prescribed for nightly use. Mean CPAP use less than 4 hours per night over one year.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure [CPAP]: Study participants with sleep apnea will choose to use or not use a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine to treat their apnea after a consultation with their doctor. Dosage of CPAP will be individually determined using standardized methods in an overnight CPAP titration polysomnography.

The Digit Symbol subtest (DS) from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) was used to measure psychomotor/cognitive processing speed. An age-adjusted total scaled score was used for analysis. The adjusted total score ranges from -5.7 to+27. A higher score indicates a better outcome.

14 participants lost to follow-up prior to 6-months testing.

Global cognitive function will be assessed using MMSE. It is a 30-item cognitive screen measuring orientation, registration, short-term memory, attention/concentration, language, and constructional capacity. Summary score will be used as a measure of global cognitive function. Total score ranges from 0 to 30, equal to and above 24 is normal (better outcome), less than 21 indicates increasing odds of dementia (worse outcome).

14 participants lost to follow-up prior to 6-months testing.

Attention will be measured using SCW. We used the Golden and Freshwater's (2002) version. This version provides paper stimuli for each trial: in the first, columns of the words"red""blue" and "green" are printed in black ink (Word Reading; W); in the second, columns of the same words are printed in red, blue, or green ink (Color Naming; C); in the third, the words "red" "blue" and "green" are printed in a colored ink (red, blue or green) that does not match the word (Color-Word; CW). Participants read each page aloud as quickly as possible for 45 seconds and receive a score for each trial representing the number of items correctly read aloud. The Interference T-score is obtained by first calculating a deviation score by subtracting a predicted CW score from the obtained raw CW score (in 45s). The obtained deviation score is then converted to an Interference T-score. Lower T scores(T<40) in the Interference condition show reductions in inhibitory control.

14 participants were lost to follow-up prior to 6-months testing.

Attention/reaction time will assessed using the PVT. The participants sat in a closed and quiet examination room, without any auditory or visual disturbance. A 1-minute mock PVT demonstration was done prior to each test. The PVT visual display was held 14-22 inches from the subject's eyes. The participants were asked to either use the index finger or thumb of their dominant hand to respond to the PVT signals. The participants were instructed to maintain the fastest possible reaction times to a simple visual stimulus: a red light emitting diode displaying time in milliseconds in a window of the portable PVT device. We used number of lapses, defined as mean reaction time above 500 milliseconds (errors of omission) as the primary outcome. Lower score indicates better outcomes (Less lapses).

14 participants were lost to follow-up prior to 6-months testing.

Daytime sleepiness be assessed using ESS. The ESS asks the respondent to rate the likelihood of falling asleep in eight specific situations using a four-point Likert scale ranging from never dozing to high chance of dozing. The scale significantly correlates with the frequency of apneas and is a clinical and research standard for the assessment of daytime sleepiness. The total score ranges from 0 to 24, a higher score indicates higher chance of daytime sleepiness (worse outcome).

14 participants were lost to follow-up prior to 6-months testing.

Everyday function will be assessed using FOSQ. It is a 30-item Likert-scale, self-report, disease-specific functional status measure written at the 4th grade level. The total score ranges from 0 to 120, a higher score indicates a better outcome.

14 participants were lost to follow-up prior to 6-months testing.

This informant-rated composes of multiple subscales, to evaluate cognitively based functional abilities in older adults. The factor structure of Everyday Cognition was assessed with confirmatory factor analysis, which supported a 7-factor model including 1 global factor and 6 domain-specific factors (Everyday Memory, Language, Visuospatial Abilities, Planning, Organization, and Divided Attention). The total mean score ranges from 0 to 57. A higher score indicates a worse outcome.

14 participants were lost to follow up prior to 6 months testing.

Global change (progression) will be assessed using ADCS-CGIC at 1 year. It has 8 categories as markedly improved, moderately improved, minimally improved, not changed, minimally worse, moderately worse, markedly worse, missing response.

Participants who completed the study and improved on ADCS-CGIC scores at 1year adjusted for age, race and marital status.

Cognitive ability will be assessed and staged using CDR. It contains 6 items (memory, orientation, judgement and problem solving, community affairs, home and hobbies, personal care), and each item ranges from 0 to 3. The total score ranges from 0 to 18, a higher score indicates a worse outcome. We observed the change of CDR score from baseline to 1-year follow up. Improved on CDR was defined as a lower CDR score compared to baseline. Reference group is unimproved, defined as worsened (higher) CDR or unchanged CDR compared to baseline.

Study participants who completed the study and improved on CDR data adjusted for age, race and marital status.

Device: CPAP. Included those diagnosed with MCI and OSA. The diagnostic criteria for OSA was defined as an AHI score of greater than or equal to 10. CPAP was prescribed for nightly use. Mean CPAP use less than 4 hours per night over one year.

Hospital admission due to fall

Bleeding post testosterone implant

Herniated disc surgery