A study of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation under a "streamlined model of care" in HIV-positive patients with CD4+ cell counts greater ≥ 250 cells/uL

After dramatic progress in recent years, HIV care for patients in resource limited settings is rapidly evolving to newer models of care delivery. Governments, non-governmental organizations and charitable foundations are placing increasing scrutiny on the programmatic costs associated with delivering antiretroviral therapy (ART). Given these realities, if the global ART roll-out is to continue successfully, we must develop innovative new ways of providing HIV care and ART that are more efficient, more cost-effective, and tightly integrated within country-level health systems. We must treat more patients with fewer resources, and we need sustainable simple models for ART delivery.

These goals can be accomplished building on several existing knowledge points. First, initiating ART at earlier disease stages and at higher CD4+ cell counts may prevent irreversible immunologic damage, prevent opportunistic infections and non-AIDS-associated morbidities, and may prevent death. International and national HIV policy bodies have increasingly recognized this and adjusted recommendations in this direction. Second, ART initiation at higher CD4+ cell counts is less complex, triggers fewer complications, and is less costly to healthcare systems. Third, patients responding to therapy and doing well require fewer physician-administered follow-up visits. This can allow for "task-shifting" to non-MD providers, and the establishment of tiered healthcare delivery down the spectrum of medical acuity. Fourth, the lack of viral load monitoring is responsible for major structural problems in how we deliver ART, causing delays in recognizing ART failure, preventing clinicians from diagnosing HIV drug resistance, and making the decision to switch a patient to a new ART regimen very error-prone.

The EARLI study is a pilot study that will address and investigate all of the above critical issues. This study will focus exclusively on asymptomatic patients with CD4 cell counts ≥250 cells/uL. These relatively healthier individuals are well suited to a more streamlined approach to ART delivery and healthcare provision.

Primary Objectives:

A. To evaluate the 48 week efficacy of ART initiated in asymptomatic individuals with high CD4+ cell counts (CD4+ > 250 cells/uL) and provided in a "streamlined" mode of care.

B. To evaluate the programmatic costs of streamlined ART delivery to asymptomatic high CD4+ count individuals.

Secondary Objectives:

A. To evaluate the 96 week efficacy of ART initiated in high CD4+ cell count individuals.

B. To identify predictors of retention in care among high CD4+ cell count ART initiators.

C. To assess adverse events among high CD4+ cell count ART initiators.

D. To assess medication adherence among high CD4+ cell count ART initiators.

Inclusion Criteria:

• HIV-1 infection diagnosed by a rapid HIV test or any licensed ELISA test kit and documented in the participant's medical chart and re-verified at the time of study screening (hereafter: "screen date").
• Most recent CD4+ cell count ≥ 250 cells/uL:

Arm A: CD4+ cell count 250-350 cells/uL Arm B: CD4+ cell count >350 cells/uL

• Age ≥ 18 years.

• Residence within a 30 kilometer radius of the Bwizibwera HC-IV.

• Willing to initiate ART if the CD4+ cell count is ≥ 350 cells/uL.

• The following laboratory values obtained at the screening visit:

  • Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 500 cells/uL
  • Hemoglobin ≥ 7.0 g/dL
  • Platelet count ≥ 50,000/uL
  • ALT (SGPT) ≤ 5 times greater than the upper limit of normal
  • Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥ 60 mL/minute by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula:

eGFR = 186 * Serum creatinine-1.154 * Age-0.203 * [1.21 if African] * [0.742 if female]

• Ability to swallow oral medications.
• Ability and willingness of participant to give informed written consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Receipt at any time prior to study entry of > 7 days cumulative treatment with any ARV or combination of ARVs, except ARVs taken for any length of time during pregnancy for the prevention of mother to child transmission (pMTCT) or ARVs taken for occupational exposure.
• For Arm B participants only: allergy/sensitivity to TDF, FTC, EFV, RTV, LPV or formulations of any of these three medications, or to co-formulated Truvada®.
• Active World Health Organization (WHO) HIV stage 3 or 4 illness
• Pregnancy.