The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a chemotherapeutic cocktail with or without prior ethanol lavage for ablation of premalignant pancreatic cysts using endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle injection (EUS-FNI) for agent delivery.

While about half of pancreatic cystic lesions have little to no malignant potential, mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) carry a high potential for progression into pancreatic cancer. Therefore, either close radiographic surveillance or surgical resection is generally recommended for these cysts. However, pancreatic surgery is associated with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality and not all patients are good surgical candidates. As an alternative, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle injection(EUS-FNI) has been shown to be moderately effective in ablating cystic lesions.

The goal of this investigation is to improve the efficacy and safety of this procedure when compared with previous versions of the technique. This study is designed to evaluate the efficacy of a chemotherapeutic cocktail with or without prior ethanol lavage for ablation of pancreatic cystic neoplasms using EUS-FNI for agent delivery. This paired, prospective, double-blind, randomized study will include 78 patients referred to the Penn State Hershey Medical Center. Mucinous or indeterminate pancreatic cysts of 1-5cm with less than 5 compartments and without clear communication with the main pancreatic duct will be included. Patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio into a control arm or study arm. Patients randomized to the control arm will receive ethanol lavage of the cyst followed by injection of two carefully selected chemotherapeutic agents. Study arm patients will receive a normal saline lavage followed by injection of the same chemotherapy admixture. Patients will be monitored for 2 hours post-procedure, and a follow-up CT will be performed at 6, and 12 months, or as determined necessary to evaluate cyst resolution. Patients may elect to undergo evaluation for surgical resection at any time, regardless of response, in which case a dedicated pathologist will evaluate any surgical specimens.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients age 18 and older of any gender, ethnicity and race
• Voluntary enrollment and ability to give written informed consent
• Capable of safely undergoing endoscopy with deep sedation or general anesthesia
• Patients with previously-detected pancreatic cyst(s) 1-5 cm in diameter, including indeterminate cysts

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pancreatic cyst <1cm or >5cm
• Pancreatic cyst with clear communication with main pancreatic duct
• Clearly benign lesions by clinical and radiographic evaluation (pseudocysts and serous cystadenomas)
• Known or suspected pancreatic cancer or pathologic lymphadenopathy
• Septated cysts with > 5 compartments
• Coagulopathy (international normalized ratio > 1.6, platelets < 30,000)
• Evidence of active pancreatitis or pancreatic infection
• Patients having undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) within 72 hours
• Baseline lab values at the time of consent: white blood cells > 14 or < 2, hematocrit < 30, platelets < 30,000, INR > 1.6, abnormal CA19-9, lipase > 3 times the upper limit of normal, creatinine > 2.5, ALT > 210, total bilirubin > 2.5, positive qualitative beta-hCG.
• Any pre-existing or discovered medical condition that may, at the discretion of the investigator, interfere with the completion of and/or participation in the existing protocol.
• Pregnant, breastfeeding, or incarcerated individuals

Adverse events were determined and collected through study completion, an average of 1 year.

Because of small number of participants this single-center trial is still weakly powered to show these differences with high levels of scientific certainty.Study was limited to one ablation only.