Compare the viral load of hepatitis c virus in patients converted to certican versus patients who are maintained on calcineurin inhibitor.

The infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in renal transplant recipients.

The prevalence of pretransplantation anti-HCV is 11% to 49%. The impact of HCV infection on patient survival after renal transplant remains controversial. Some studies also showed that patients undergoing renal transplantation anti-HCV positive are associated with a reduction in graft and patient survival.Chronic infection of HCV is associated with an increased number of infections.

In HCV positive renal transplant patients have been shown that there is an increase from four to seven times in HCV viremia after transplantation compared to pretransplant.

To prevent viral replication, immunosuppression must be adapted, involving a balance between control of viral replication and rejection.

Biochemically, the NS5A protein has been linked to increased replication of the hepatitis C virus through p70S6K phosphopeptides. Sirolimus as inhibitor of pathway mTOR/p70S6K reduced in vivo phosphorylation of NS5A phosphopeptides and thus viral replication. Moreover, the mTOR protein has been proven in vitron to have a protective role against apoptosis in HCV infected cells (WAGNER et al., 2010).

Wagner et al. (2010) showed a beneficial effect of sirolimus on viral recurrence monitored by transaminases and viral load as well as by histological data. They also reported the improved survival after liver transplantation due to hepatitis C for patients receiving sirolimus rather than calcineurin inhibitor-based regimens.

In the literature there have already been reported good virological control of HCV among liver transplant recipients after conversion to SRL and the reduction of hepatitis C virus recurrence (GALLEGO et al., 2009; BENEDETTOET al., 2010).

Everolimus has shown a potent inhibitor of mTOR and has been widely used as an immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplant, but no reported effects on HCV progression was found in the literature.

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥ 18 years at the time of screening;
• Subjects between the first and tenth year after renal transplantation;
• Subjects with positive serology for hepatitis C;
• Subjects receiving calcineurin inhibitor (tacrolimus or cyclosporine) plus mycophenolate sodium or mofetil plus prednisone since the first month post-transplant;
• Subjects with no acute rejection episode in the last 3 month;
• Women of childbearing potential (CBP) with a negative pregnancy test at screening (urine or serum;
• Women of CBP and men with sexual partners of CBP must agree to use a medically acceptable method of contraception throughout the study. The investigator will determine which contraceptive method more effective and appropriate for each study subject. Acceptable methods of contraception include oral contraceptives, barrier methods (eg, diaphragm or condom with spermicide) and intrauterine devices.

Exclusion criteria:

• Subjects who, in the opinion of the investigator, are not able to complete the study;
• Recipients of multiple organ transplant (i.e., prior or concurrent transplantation of a non-renal allograft;
• Subjects with a calculated GFR < 30ml/min (abbreviated MDRD formula;
• Subjects with Urinary protein/creatinine > 0.5;
• Renal biopsy with score ≥ Banff grade II interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (Banff 2007;
• Subjects with a history of biopsy-proven acute rejection within 12 weeks of enrollment;
• Known or suspected hypersensitivity to inhibitor of mTOR;
• Subjects with a history of primary or recurrent FSGS, membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN);
• Evidence of any active systemic or localized major infection;
• Use of any investigational drug or treatment up to 4 weeks before enrollment;
• Immunosuppressive therapies other than those described by this protocol;
• Planned systemic treatment with voriconazole, cisapride or ketoconazole that will not be discontinued before randomization;
• Prior treatment with aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, cisplatin or other drugs associated with renal dysfunction that is not discontinued before screening;
• Subjects with a screening total white blood cell count (WBC) ≤ 2000/mm3, hemoglobin ≤ 10g/dL and platelet count ≤ 100000/mm3;
• TGO/AST, TGP/ALT and bilirubins with values three times higher than reference values;
• Fasting triglycerides ≥ 400 mg/dL, fasting total cholesterol ≥ 350 mg/dL or LDL-cholesterol ≥ 160mg/dL despite the use of optimal lipid-lowering therapy;
• History of malignancy within 3 years before enrollment other than adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin;
• Subjects who are known to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive or hepatitis B positive;
• Chronic hepatic failure.