Change in CD8+ T-cell activation percent co-expressing HLA-DR and CD38 from baseline to week 4, where the baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry values.

The primary analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who had data for both baseline and week 4, and (for the rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change antiretroviral therapy (ART) or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in D-dimer from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry.

D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product (FDP), a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in Interleukin (IL)-6 from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in soluble CD14 (sCD14) from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in gut-homing percent B7hi+ of CD4+ from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in advanced flow percent CD38+ of CD4+ from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in advanced flow percent CD38+ of CD8+ from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in advanced flow percent Ki67+ of CD4+ from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in advanced flow percent Ki67+ of CD8+ from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in CD4 activation percent co-expressing HLA-DR and CD38 from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in CD38+ of CD8+ MFI (Median Fluorescence Intensity) from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry.

MFI measures the shift in fluorescence intensity of a population of cells. MFI values are based on control to demonstrate an increase or decrease in expression of the marker. MFI in this study was automatically calculated in FlowJo. The median is the relative intensity value below which 50% of the events are found. MFI is an arbitrary unit of relative intensity.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in total CD4 T-cell from baseline to week 4, where baseline value is the average of pre-entry and entry

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for baseline and week 4, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure during this time period.

Change in CD8+ T-cell activation percent co-expressing HLA-DR and CD38 from week 4 to week 8

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who had data for both week 4 and week 8, and (for the rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8.

D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product (FDP), a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in IL-6 from week 4 to week 8.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in LPS from week 4 to week 8.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in hsCRP from week 4 to week 8.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in soluble CD14 from week 4 to week 8

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in gut homing percent B7hi+ of CD4+ from week 4 to week 8

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in advanced flow percent CD38+ of CD4+ from week 4 to week 8

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in advanced flow percent CD38+ of CD8+ from week 4 to week 8

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in advanced flow percent Ki67+ of CD4+ from week 4 to week 8

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in advanced flow percent Ki67+ of CD8+ from week 4 to week 8

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in CD4 activation percent co-expressing HLA-DR and CD38 from week 4 to week 8

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in CD38+ of CD8+ median fluorescence intensity (MFI) from week 4 to week 8.

MFI measures the shift in fluorescence intensity of a population of cells. MFI values are based on control to demonstrate an increase or decrease in expression of the marker. MFI in this study was automatically calculated in FlowJo. The median is the relative intensity value below which 50% of the events are found. MFI is an arbitrary unit of relative intensity.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in total CD4 T-cell count from week 4 to week 8

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 8, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 8

Change in CD8+ T-cell activation percent co-expressing HLA-DR and CD38 from week 4 to week 12

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who had data for both week 4 and week 12, and (for the rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product (FDP), a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

Change in IL-6 from week 4 to week 12.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

Change in LPS from week 4 to week 12.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

Change in hsCRP from week 4 to week 12.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

Change in soluble CD14 from week 4 to week 12

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

Change in gut homing percent B7hi+ of CD4+ from week 4 to week 12

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

Change in advanced flow percent CD38+ of CD4+ from week 4 to week 12

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12

Change in advanced flow percent CD38+ of CD8+ from week 4 to week 12

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

Change in advanced flow percent Ki67+ of CD4+ from week 4 to week 12

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12

Change in advanced flow percent Ki67+ of CD8+ from week 4 to week 12

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12

Change in CD4 activation percent co-expressing HLA-DR and CD38 from week 4 to week 12

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

Change in CD38+ of CD8+ median fluorescence intensity (MFI) from week 4 to week 12.

MFI measures the shift in fluorescence intensity of a population of cells. MFI values are based on control to demonstrate an increase or decrease in expression of the marker. MFI in this study was automatically calculated in FlowJo. The median is the relative intensity value below which 50% of the events are found. MFI is an arbitrary unit of relative intensity.

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

Change in total CD4 T-cell count from week 4 to week 12

This analysis is as-treated, limited to subjects who have data for week 4 and week 12, and (for the Rifaximin arm) remain on study treatment through week 4 (allowing less than or equal to 6 missed doses), and did not change ART or use prohibited medications or have virologic failure prior to week 12.

Primary adverse events include all SAEs, defined according to ICH guidelines and targeted protocol events (grade 2 or higher signs and symptoms, grade 2 or higher laboratory abnormality, all diagnoses identified by the ACTG criteria for clinical events, and all events that led to a change in treatment regardless of grade).