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The overall purpose of this pilot study is to examine effects of Hatha yoga and cardiovascular exercise on craving, mood, cue reactivity, and smoking behavior. Our preliminary study indicated that a single session of either form of activity intervention improved mood, and the yoga intervention appeared to decrease cravings to smoke. The proposed study will extend this preliminary research in several ways.
First, the investigators will expand the exercise-based interventions from one to three sessions, which will more closely resemble how these interventions may be used in the context of smoking cessation. Second, the investigators will recruit smokers who are motivated to quit smoking, further increasing the clinical relevance of the research. Finally, the investigators will examine the effects of the interventions on actual smoking behavior within and outside of the laboratory setting. This may appropriately be considered a "proof of concept" study, as the investigators will not be powered to detect treatment outcome (smoking cessation) differences, nor are the interventions designed to maximize clinical smoking cessation outcomes.
Participants will be randomized to receive 3-sessions of yoga instruction, 3-sessions of cardiovascular exercise, or to a no activity control group. Sessions will be scheduled to occur approximately 7 days apart, with a minimum of 4 between sessions. Mood and craving will be assessed before and after each session, and smoking behavior will be assessed following each session. Finally, a detailed cue reactivity assessment will be conducted prior to the first session and following the last session. Analyses will examine intervention effects on craving, mood, cue reactivity, and smoking behavior. In addition, the investigators will examine several potential mediators and moderators of intervention effects on smoking behavior. Finally, the investigators will continue to examine the feasibility and potential acceptability of each active intervention, to assist in developing future clinical applications of these techniques in the context of smoking cessation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hatha Yoga (HY) | Active Comparator | Exercise and Smoking Cessation Counseling |
|
| Cardiovascular Exercise (CE) | Experimental | Exercise and Smoking Cessation Counseling |
|
| Smoking Cessation Counseling Only | Other | Control Group - Smoking Cessation Counseling |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatha Yoga (HY) | Behavioral | 3 Sessions of yoga instruction |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Number of Participants Reporting Post Intervention Effects | Intervention effects on measures of craving, mood, cue reactivity, and smoking behavior will be analyzed with mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Intervention as the between-group factor (HY vs. CE vs. NA), and Time as a within-subject factor (pre vs. post-intervention). Analyses for cue reactivity variables will include the additional within-subject factor of Cue Type (smoking vs. neutral), and analyses for craving and mood self-report will include the additional within-subject factor of Session (1 vs. 2 vs. 3). | Average of 6 Months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Reporting Behavior Changes Post Intervention | In order to determine whether intervention effects on smoking behavior are mediated by changes in craving, mood, and/or cue reactivity, we will conduct Sobel tests (e.g., Preacher & Leonardelli, 2001), supplemented by mediation analyses using methods of Baron & Kenny (1986). | Average of 6 Months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| David J. Drobes, Ph.D. | H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute | Tampa | Florida | 33612 | United States |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014029 | Tobacco Use Disorder |
| D012907 | Smoking |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019966 | Substance-Related Disorders |
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015013 | Yoga |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D026441 | Mind-Body Therapies |
| D000529 | Complementary Therapies |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026443 | Spiritual Therapies |
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| Cardiovascular Exercise (CE) | Behavioral | 3 sessions of cardiovascular exercise |
|
|
| Smoking Cessation Counseling | Behavioral | 4 smoking cessation counseling visits. |
|
|
| D026241 |
| Exercise Movement Techniques |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
| D008722 | Methods |