Emergency department patients receiving opioid pain medicine such as morphine, fentanyl or Dilaudid are eligible. After medication exhaled carbon dioxide is measured. and recorded.

Emergency department patients receiving opioid pain medicine such as morphine, fentanyl, or Dilaudid are eligible. After receiving the pain medication, a small soft plastic tube will be placed between the upper lip and nose. This tube is used to measure the amount of carbon dioxide the patient is breathing out. It can also be used to deliver oxygen if the provider feels the patient needs it. The carbon dioxide breathed out is measured and collected. Other information collected are height, weight, and vital signs. Patient participation time is approximately 2 hours during the emergency department visit.

Inclusion Criteria:

• non intubated patients receiving intravenous opioid medications

Exclusion Criteria:

• mechanically ventilated patients
• patients with physiologic shock

Patients receiving opioid such as morphine, fentanyl, or dilaudid during their emergency department visit.