Honey has been used as a sweetener for centuries. Recent data indicate that honey consumption may have beneficial effects upon glucose intolerance, a health issue currently affecting 57 million Americans of every age and ethnicity. In order to evaluate the glycemic effect of honey, the investigators will carry out a human trial assessing biomarkers of blood glucose responses, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Our primary objective is to determine the glycemic effects of honey in comparison to sucrose and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The investigators hypothesize that honey will promote improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared to both sucrose and high fructose corn syrup in normal glycemic and glucose intolerant adults.

Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance are associated with the development of the metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases, including, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and type II diabetes. Current National Institutes of Health statistics estimate that 1 in 6 Americans have insulin resistance (www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics). Insulin resistance in humans is associated with glucose intolerance, enhanced oxidative stress, inflammation and alterations in lipid profiles. Improvements in glucose tolerance are associated with improved insulin sensitivity resulting in improved inflammatory and oxidative status. Dietary modification to reduced day-long serum insulin concentration is postulated to decrease hepatic cholesterol production through inhibition of HMG CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis.

Maintenance of normal blood glucose is dependent on the body's ability to modulate insulin secretion in response to the glucose load consumed. Although diet may be an important factor in glucose tolerance, the role of nutritive sweeteners has not been clearly defined. Much research has been performed on the effect of dietary sugars on chronic disease risk factors, including animal studies, and human studies ranging from epidemiologic to controlled feeding trials with most of this work focused on the monosaccharides: fructose and glucose or the disaccharide, sucrose.

Little work has been done on the comparative effects of honey and other nutritive sweeteners in relation to glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Men and women between 20-80 years of age.

2. Normal Glucose Tolerance

   • Fasting glucose between ≤105 mg/dl
   • Normal body weight or overweight (BMI 18-29.9)

3. Impaired Glucose Tolerance

   • Fasting glucose between 106-125 mg/dl
   • Overweight or obese (BMI 25 - 39.9)

4. Willingness to comply with the demands of the experimental protocol

5. Sedentary Lifestyle

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Known uncontrolled disease process
2. Diabetes mellitus
3. Use of medications that affect glucose metabolism
4. History of an eating disorder
5. Pregnancy or breast feeding
6. Inability to give consent
7. Unwillingness or inability to consume the supplemental sugars