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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| U01HD062417 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) | NIH |
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The investigators will conduct a randomized controlled trial comparing four different intravenous (IV) fluid treatment protocols for pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Two rates of rehydration will be compared; a more rapid rate and a slower rate. Within each of these two basic rehydration protocols, the investigators will vary the type of rehydration fluid used (0.9% saline or 0.45% saline). The investigators will compare the different treatments by conducting assessments of neurological injury, by measuring the frequency of significant cerebral edema, and by measuring long-term neurocognitive function.
These studies will allow us to determine whether variations in IV fluid treatment protocols affect acute neurological outcomes of DKA. Additionally, they will provide important data regarding the impact of DKA and DKA treatment on long-term neurocognitive function in children. In this way, the investigators hope to identify a more ideal fluid management strategy for children with DKA.
Previous studies have suggested that DKA may cause blood flow to the brain to be reduced and that brain injury might result from this reduction in blood flow and/or the effects of re-establishment of normal blood flow during DKA treatment with insulin and iv fluids. The investigators hypothesize that more rapidly re-establishing normal blood flow to the brain during DKA, by giving fluids more rapidly and using fluids with a higher sodium (salt) content, will help to minimize brain injury caused by DKA.
These data will be compared to observational data from children with type 1 diabetes without DKA.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rapid rehydration using 0.45% saline replacement fluid | Experimental | This arm will involve more rapid intravenous fluid treatment which will include a second 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline and assume a 10% fluid deficit. 0.45% saline will be used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
|
| Rapid rehydration using 0.9% saline replacement fluid | Experimental | This arm will involve more rapid intravenous fluid treatment which will include a second 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline and assume a 10% fluid deficit. 0.9% saline will be used as the replacement fluid. |
|
| Slower rehydration using 0.45% saline intravenous fluid | Experimental | This arm will involve slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus) with 0.45% saline used as the replacement fluid. |
|
| Slower rehydration using 0.9% saline intravenous fluid | Experimental | This arm will involve slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fuid bolus) with 0.9% saline used as the replacement fluid. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.45% saline replacement fluid | Drug | 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline followed by 0.45% saline used as the replacement fluid |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| the Number of Participants With Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) < 14 Within the First 24 Hours of Treatment for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) | The primary outcome is the binary indicator that a patient's GCS score drops below 14 (i.e. abnormal score) within the first 24 hours of treatment of DKA. There will be two treatment factors: sodium concentration of re-hydration fluids and rate of rehydration. These effects will be tested separately, using the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test, stratified by hospital, and by the other main factor. | 24 hours |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency of Clinically Apparent Brain Injury | Deterioration in neurological status requiring interventions such as hyperosmolar therapy or endotracheal intubation, or resulting in death. This outcome was determined by an adjudication committee. | 24 hours |
| Hourly Improvement in Forward and Backward Digit Span Scores During DKA Treatment (Mean Difference Per Hour) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
must present or be transferred to a participating emergency department
age less than 18 years
diagnosis of DKA
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nathan Kuppermann, MD, MPH | University of California, Davis | Principal Investigator |
| Nicole S Glaser, MD | University of California, Davis | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of California, Davis | Sacramento | California | 95817 | United States | ||
| Children's Hospital Colorado |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23490311 | Background | Glaser NS, Ghetti S, Casper TC, Dean JM, Kuppermann N; Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) DKA FLUID Study Group. Pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis, fluid therapy, and cerebral injury: the design of a factorial randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Diabetes. 2013 Sep;14(6):435-46. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12027. Epub 2013 Mar 13. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Official website of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN), funded by HRSA/MCHB | View source |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Rapid Rehydration Using 0.45% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved more rapid intravenous fluid treatment which included a second 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline and assumed a 10% fluid deficit. Intravenous fluids were infused to replace half of the estimated fluid deficit over 12 hours and the remaining half over the following 24 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.45% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
Not provided
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Not provided
Not provided
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| 0.9% saline replacement fluid | Drug | 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline followed by 0.9% saline used as the replacement fluid. |
|
| 0.45% saline intravenous fluid | Drug | 0.45% saline fluid |
|
| 0.9% saline Intravenous fluid | Drug | 0.9% saline fluid |
|
The Digit Span subtest is adapted from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th version (WISC-IV) and it assesses working memory. It consists of a Digit Span Forward task in which individuals are asked to repeat numbers in the same sequence as they were presented verbally and a Digit Span Backward task in which participants repeat the numbers in the reversed order to which they were heard. Each task yields a score ranging from 0 to 16. Higher scores represent better outcomes for this test. The trajectory of digit span scores during the course of the hospitalization was used to assess improvements in mental status and whether these varied systematically as a function of treatment protocol. Digit span measurements were collected every four hours during waking hours (7AM to 10PM). The measure analyzed is the average linear change in scores between enrollment and either 24-hours or DKA resolution, whichever occurred first. |
| 24 hours |
| Mean Scores on Tests of Memory Capacity 3 Months After Recovery From DKA. | Contextual memory was assessed via color and spatial-position tasks. Color-Task: black-ink items on a white square background were shown on a computer screen with a colored border. Subjects were asked to remember the item and the item's border color. Items were shown for 1 second, followed by a 1-second interval in which a fixation point was shown. Then, subjects were given a self-paced recognition test including studied drawings and new drawings shown in random order with no color border. Subjects determined if they had seen the drawing before. For recognized drawings, subjects reported the previously shown border color. Spatial-Position task: identical to the color task except that the items instead varied in their spatial position on the computer screen. The item-context association rate is the rate of correct item-color and item-spatial position recalled over the total of previously viewed items correctly recognized. Score range: 0-1 with higher scores indicating a better outcome. | 3 months |
| Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Testing | IQ was assessed with the WASI (6-18 year olds) or WPPSI-III (3-5 year olds) at the 3 month follow-up visit. The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) is a measure of IQ designed for individuals aged 6 to 89. The WASI includes four subtests; the Block Design and Matrix Reasoning tests measure Performance IQ, and the Vocabulary and Similarities tests measure Verbal IQ. Full scale IQ was computed from these scores and used for analyses. Scores typically vary from 75 to 135 with higher scores representing a better outcome. | 3 months |
| Aurora |
| Colorado |
| 80045 |
| United States |
| Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children | Wilmington | Delaware | 19803 | United States |
| Children's National Medical Center | Washington D.C. | District of Columbia | 20010 | United States |
| Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago | Chicago | Illinois | 60614 | United States |
| Children's Hospital Boston | Boston | Massachusetts | 02115 | United States |
| Washington University & St. Louis Children's Hospital | St Louis | Missouri | 63110 | United States |
| Columbia University | New York | New York | 10032 | United States |
| Nationwide Children's Hospital | Columbus | Ohio | 43205 | United States |
| The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 19104 | United States |
| Hasbro Children's Hospital/Rhode Island Hospital | Providence | Rhode Island | 02903 | United States |
| Texas Children's Hospital | Houston | Texas | 77030 | United States |
| University of Utah | Salt Lake City | Utah | 84158 | United States |
| FG001 | Rapid Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved more rapid intravenous fluid treatment which included a second 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline and assumed a 10% fluid deficit. Intravenous fluids were infused to replace half of the estimated fluid deficit over 12 hours and the remaining half over the following 24 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| FG002 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.45% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.45% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| FG003 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| COMPLETED |
|
| NOT COMPLETED |
|
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Rapid Rehydration Using 0.45% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved more rapid intravenous fluid treatment which included a second 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline and assumed a 10% fluid deficit. Intravenous fluids were infused to replace half of the estimated fluid deficit over 12 hours and the remaining half over the following 24 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.45% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| BG001 | Rapid Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved more rapid intravenous fluid treatment which included a second 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline and assumed a 10% fluid deficit. Intravenous fluids were infused to replace half of the estimated fluid deficit over 12 hours and the remaining half over the following 24 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| BG002 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.45% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.45% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| BG003 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| BG004 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | the Number of Participants With Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) < 14 Within the First 24 Hours of Treatment for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) | The primary outcome is the binary indicator that a patient's GCS score drops below 14 (i.e. abnormal score) within the first 24 hours of treatment of DKA. There will be two treatment factors: sodium concentration of re-hydration fluids and rate of rehydration. These effects will be tested separately, using the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test, stratified by hospital, and by the other main factor. | Patients with a GCS of 14 or 15 at randomization | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 24 hours |
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Frequency of Clinically Apparent Brain Injury | Deterioration in neurological status requiring interventions such as hyperosmolar therapy or endotracheal intubation, or resulting in death. This outcome was determined by an adjudication committee. | All randomized patients. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 24 hours |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Hourly Improvement in Forward and Backward Digit Span Scores During DKA Treatment (Mean Difference Per Hour) | The Digit Span subtest is adapted from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th version (WISC-IV) and it assesses working memory. It consists of a Digit Span Forward task in which individuals are asked to repeat numbers in the same sequence as they were presented verbally and a Digit Span Backward task in which participants repeat the numbers in the reversed order to which they were heard. Each task yields a score ranging from 0 to 16. Higher scores represent better outcomes for this test. The trajectory of digit span scores during the course of the hospitalization was used to assess improvements in mental status and whether these varied systematically as a function of treatment protocol. Digit span measurements were collected every four hours during waking hours (7AM to 10PM). The measure analyzed is the average linear change in scores between enrollment and either 24-hours or DKA resolution, whichever occurred first. | All randomized patients with digit span measured during DKA | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | Digit Span Change per Hour | 24 hours |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Mean Scores on Tests of Memory Capacity 3 Months After Recovery From DKA. | Contextual memory was assessed via color and spatial-position tasks. Color-Task: black-ink items on a white square background were shown on a computer screen with a colored border. Subjects were asked to remember the item and the item's border color. Items were shown for 1 second, followed by a 1-second interval in which a fixation point was shown. Then, subjects were given a self-paced recognition test including studied drawings and new drawings shown in random order with no color border. Subjects determined if they had seen the drawing before. For recognized drawings, subjects reported the previously shown border color. Spatial-Position task: identical to the color task except that the items instead varied in their spatial position on the computer screen. The item-context association rate is the rate of correct item-color and item-spatial position recalled over the total of previously viewed items correctly recognized. Score range: 0-1 with higher scores indicating a better outcome. | All randomized subjects aged 6 years old and older with 3-month follow-up and successful completion of memory score tests, and d-prime (a measure of chance agreement) >0.50 | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Item-context association rate | 3 months |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Testing | IQ was assessed with the WASI (6-18 year olds) or WPPSI-III (3-5 year olds) at the 3 month follow-up visit. The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) is a measure of IQ designed for individuals aged 6 to 89. The WASI includes four subtests; the Block Design and Matrix Reasoning tests measure Performance IQ, and the Vocabulary and Similarities tests measure Verbal IQ. Full scale IQ was computed from these scores and used for analyses. Scores typically vary from 75 to 135 with higher scores representing a better outcome. | All randomized subjects aged 3 years and older with 3-month follow-up and successful completion of IQ testing. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | IQ points | 3 months |
|
Not provided
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Rapid Rehydration Using 0.45% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved more rapid intravenous fluid treatment which included a second 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline and assumed a 10% fluid deficit. Intravenous fluids were infused to replace half of the estimated fluid deficit over 12 hours and the remaining half over the following 24 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.45% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. | 1 | 342 | 5 | 342 | 112 | 342 |
| EG001 | Rapid Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved more rapid intravenous fluid treatment which included a second 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline and assumed a 10% fluid deficit. Intravenous fluids were infused to replace half of the estimated fluid deficit over 12 hours and the remaining half over the following 24 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. | 0 | 344 | 4 | 344 | 124 | 344 |
| EG002 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.45% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.45% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. | 0 | 338 | 11 | 338 | 117 | 338 |
| EG003 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. | 0 | 347 | 10 | 347 | 129 | 347 |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac Arrest | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Abdominal pain upper | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hepatomegaly | Hepatobiliary disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Acidosis | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Brain oedema | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Renal injury | Renal and urinary disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypovolemic shock | Vascular disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pancreatitis | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Acidosis hyperchloraemic | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypoglycaemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Cerebral infarction | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Somnolence | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pneumothorax | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coagulopathy | Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Lymphadenopathy | Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Bradycardia | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Nodal Rythm | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Tachycardia | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Ventricular Extrasystoles | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Ear pain | Ear and labyrinth disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Middle ear effusion | Ear and labyrinth disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypothyroidism | Endocrine disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Eye irritation | Eye disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Eye pain | Eye disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Ocular hyperaemia | Eye disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Vision blurred | Eye disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Abdominal distension | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Abdominal pain | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Abdominal pain lower | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Abdominal pain upper | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Abdominal tenderness | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Constipation | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Diarrhoea | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Dyspepsia | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Dysphagia | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Gastrointestinal sounds abnormal | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Gastrooesophageal reflux disease | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Gingival pain | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Glossodynia | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Haematemesis | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Haematochezia | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Mouth ulceration | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Nausea | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Oesophageal discomfort | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Oesophagitis | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Oral Pain | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pancreatitis acute | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Proctalgia | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Stomatitis | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Toothache | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Vomiting | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Catheter site inflammation | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Catheter site pain | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Chest discomfort | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Chest pain | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Chills | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Complication associated with device | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Crying | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Facial pain | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypothermia | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Infusion site extravasation | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Infusion site pain | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Injection site pain | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Oedema peripheral | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pain | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Peripheral swelling | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pyrexia | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Abscess | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Bacteraemia | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Candida infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Candiduria | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Cellulitis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Clostridium difficile colitis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Fungal infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Lice infestation | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Metapneumovirus infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Oral candidiasis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Otitits media | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Periorbital cellulitis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pharyngitis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pharyngitis streptococcal | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pneumonia | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pyuria | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Sinusitis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Skin candida | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Tooth infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Upper respiratory tract infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Urethritis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Urinary tract infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Vaginal infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Vulvovaginal candidiasis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Vulvovaginal mycotic infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Vuvlovaginitis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Heart injury | Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Medication error | Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Post procedural haemorrhage | Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Amylase increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood bicarbonate decreased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood chloride increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood creatinine phosphokinase decreased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood glucose decreased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood glucose increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood immunoglobulin A increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood ketone body increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood magnesium decreased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood osmolarity decreased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood phosphorus decreased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood potassium decreased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood potassium increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood pressure increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood sodium decreased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood sodium increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood thyroid stimulating hormone increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Blood urea decreased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Cardiac murmur | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Coma scale abnormal | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Crystal urine present | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Electrocardiogram QT prolonged | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Electrocardiogram T wave peaked | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Influenza A virus test positive | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Lipase increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Liver function test increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Streptococcus test positive | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Urinary casts | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Urine analysis abnormal | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Urine output decreased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| White blood cell count increased | Investigations | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Acidosis | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Acidosis hyperchloraemic | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Alkalosis | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Dehydration | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hyperchloraemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hyperglycaemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hyperkalaemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypernatraemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hyperphosphataemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypertriglyceridaemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypocalcaemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypoglycaemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypokalaemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypomagnesaemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hyponatraemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypophagia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypophosphataemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Arthralgia | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Back pain | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Musculoskeletal chest pain | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Musculoskeletal pain | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Myalgia | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Neck pain | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pain in extremity | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Trismus | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Brain oedema | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Dizziness | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Dysarthria | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Headache | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Seizure | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Syncope | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Agitation | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Anxiety | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Confusional state | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Insomnia | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Irritability | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Mental status changes | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Suicidal ideation | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Haematuria | Renal and urinary disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Incontinence | Renal and urinary disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Urinary incontinence | Renal and urinary disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Vaginal discharge | Reproductive system and breast disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Vulvovaginal pruritis | Reproductive system and breast disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Cough | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Dyspnoea | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Epistaxis | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypoxia | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Nasal congestion | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Oropharyngeal pain | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pharyngeal erythema | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pneumonia aspiration | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pulmonary oedema | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Rhinorrhoea | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Stridor | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Tachypnoea | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Throat irritation | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Wheezing | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Decubitus ulcer | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Dry skin | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Pruritis | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Rash | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Rash erythematous | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Rash pruritic | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Skin disorder | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Skin warm | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Swelling face | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Urticaria | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Flushing | Vascular disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypertension | Vascular disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Hypotension | Vascular disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Orthostatic hypotension | Vascular disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Peripheral coldness | Vascular disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Phlebitis | Vascular disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| ||
| Poor peripheral circulation | Vascular disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
Fluid infusion rates for this study represent the upper and lower ends of DKA protocols in use. Rates above or below this range were not evaluated. There were fewer patients with GCS decline to <14 than anticipated.
Not provided
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nathan Kuppermann | University of California, Davis (UC Davis Health) | 916-734-1535 | nkuppermann@ucdavis.edu |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001929 | Brain Edema |
| D016883 | Diabetic Ketoacidosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D007662 | Ketosis |
| D000138 | Acidosis |
| D000137 | Acid-Base Imbalance |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D048909 | Diabetes Complications |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
Not provided
Not provided
| 6 to less than 18 years old |
|
| Male |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| Other |
|
| Unknown |
|
| Not Hispanic or Latino, Other, or Unknown |
|
Each statistical test uses stratification to adjust for enrolling hospital, and the arm not being tested (e.g., the test for rapid vs slower rehydration is stratified by 0.45% and 0.9% Saline, and vice versa).
| The study uses a factorial experimental design, and tests the two null hypotheses. The second of these hypotheses - the frequency of GCS score declines to <14 is equal between the 0.45% Saline group and the 0.90% Saline group - is reported here. The analysis of the first hypothesis is reported above. | Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel | 0.43 | The a priori threshold for statistical significance for each of the 2 p-values is 0.025, for an overall significance of 0.50. | Superiority | Each statistical test uses stratification to adjust for enrolling hospital, and the arm not being tested (e.g., the test for rapid vs slower rehydration is stratified by 0.45% and 0.9% Saline, and vice versa). |
This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.45% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| OG003 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
|
|
| OG001 |
| Rapid Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid |
This arm involved more rapid intravenous fluid treatment which included a second 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline and assumed a 10% fluid deficit. Intravenous fluids were infused to replace half of the estimated fluid deficit over 12 hours and the remaining half over the following 24 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| OG002 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.45% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.45% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| OG003 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
|
|
| OG001 | Rapid Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved more rapid intravenous fluid treatment which included a second 10cc/Kg bolus of 0.9% saline and assumed a 10% fluid deficit. Intravenous fluids were infused to replace half of the estimated fluid deficit over 12 hours and the remaining half over the following 24 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| OG002 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.45% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.45% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| OG003 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
|
|
| OG002 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.45% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.45% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
| OG003 | Slower Rehydration Using 0.9% Saline Replacement Fluid | This arm involved slower rehydration (assumed 5% fluid deficit and no additional fluid bolus). Intravenous fluids were infused to replace the estimated deficit over 48 hours, in addition to maintenance fluids. 0.9% saline was used as the replacement fluid for this arm. |
|
|