Assigned to Promoting First Relationships (PFR) condition

Assigned to Resource and Referral condition

Mixed models were estimated in which post-intervention scores were nested. The intercept (representing the average score across post-intervention time points) was modeled as having a random effect. The intercept in the mixed model was regressed on intervention condition (R&R = 0, PFR = 1), baseline sensitivity score, months between baseline and end of intervention, and age of child at baseline.

Parents in the PFR condition were 0.94 higher on sensitivity scores (on the unstandardized sensitivity measure) across the three post-intervention time points than parents in the R&R condition. The standard error (SE) of this difference was .42.

Assigned to Promoting First Relationships (PFR) condition

Assigned to Resource and Referral condition

Mixed models were estimated in which post-intervention scores were nested. The intercept (representing the average score across post-intervention time points) was modeled as having a random effect. The intercept in the mixed model was regressed on intervention condition (R&R = 0, PFR = 1), baseline security score, months between baseline and end of intervention, and age of child at baseline

The PFR group had a higher mean compared to the R&R group. (the absolute value of the standardized effect is d=.15).

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.

Mixed models were estimated in which post-intervention scores were nested. The intercept (representing the average score across post-intervention time points) was modeled as having a random effect. The intercept in the mixed model was regressed on intervention condition (R&R = 0, PFR = 1), baseline problem behavior score, months between baseline and end of intervention, and age of child at baseline.

The adjusted mean across the two post-intervention time points was -.20 (SE=.50) lower in the PFR group than R&R group. The standardized effect size was d=.04.

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.

Mixed models were estimated in which post-intervention scores were nested. The intercept (representing the average score across post-intervention time points) was modeled as having a random effect. The intercept in the mixed model was regressed on intervention condition (R&R = 0, PFR = 1), baseline competence stress score, months between baseline and end of intervention, and age of child at baseline

The adjusted mean across post-intervention time points was .41 (SE=.53) higher in the PFR group than the R&R group. The standardized effect size was d=-.07

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.

Mixed models were estimated in which post-intervention scores were nested. The intercept (representing the average score across post-intervention time points) was modeled as having a random effect. The intercept in the mixed model was regressed on intervention condition (R&R = 0, PFR = 1), baseline social-emotional competence score, months between baseline and end of intervention, and age of child at baseline.

The PFR group had a higher mean level of social and emotional development compared to the R&R group (the absolute value of the standardized effect is d=.10).

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.

Mixed models were estimated in which post-intervention scores were nested. The intercept (representing the average score across post-intervention time points) was modeled as having a random effect. The intercept in the mixed model was regressed on intervention condition (R&R = 0, PFR = 1), baseline problem behavior score, months between baseline and end of intervention, and age of child at baseline

The PFR group had lower mean level of problem behavior compared to the R&R group (the absolute value of standardized effect is d= .12).

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.

Tested mean differences by condition at 3-month follow-up controlling for baseline score, months between baseline and the end of the intervention, and age of child and using an ANVOVA/regression model. Null hypothesis was that post-intervention means were equal.

Adjusted mean at 3-month post-intervention was -.07 (SE=.08) lower for PFR compared to R&R group.

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.

Adjusted mean at 3-month post-intervention was -.06 (SE=.08) lower for PFR compared to R&R group.

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.

Mixed models were estimated in which post-intervention scores were nested. The intercept (representing the average score across post-intervention time points) was modeled as having a random effect. The intercept in the mixed model was regressed on intervention condition (R&R = 0, PFR = 1), baseline score, months between baseline and end of intervention, and age of child at baseline

The PFR group had lower atypical affective communication compared to the R&R group (the absolute value of the standardized effect size was d=.19).

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.

PFR is a parenting intervention based on attachment theory and is strengths based. It is a 10 week intervention that is delivered in the home. Each week has a theme for discussion, an activity which includes videotaping or viewing and reflecting on a videotaped session, and time for "joining" - checking in with the parent, listening to their concerns and establishing a positive, supportive relationship. The sessions include handouts which focus on the content area covered that day and applying a topic to their relationship with their child. The provider also videotapes playtime between parent and child. On alternate weeks, the provider watches the video with the parent, reflecting on both the parent's and the child's needs. The provider helps the parent develop greater empathy and understanding of the child's needs and feelings, and helps the parent identify her own feelings and needs around parenting.

This condition consists of 1) Resource and Referral personal assistance provided over the phone, and 2) Local Services Resource Packet. The participant receives a phone call from a Resource and Referral Specialist hired by the project. The service consists of a needs assessment to identify the particular needs or concerns of the family (such as housing needs, mental health, tangible goods). If a need is identified, the Referral and Referral Specialist will provide the family with local information regarding the stated need (such as a phone number to a housing assistance program, location of local food bank). The R&R provider makes two follow-up check in calls with the families. In addition, families can call the Research and Referral Specialist if additional needs arise. The resource packet includes information organized by type of need or resource. These packets are updated regularly as services change over time.