This is a multicenter translational study to understand therapeutic resistance in patients undergoing standard chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer.

In the neoadjuvant setting, biopsy tissue samples from primary tumor will be collected and banked before the start of chemotherapy and after the completion of the treatment (post-chemotherapy and at the time of surgery). In the metastatic setting, tissue samples from metastatic lesions will be collected and banked before the start of chemotherapy and at the time of tumor progression. Additionally, blood samples will be drawn before treatment initiation (baseline) and at different time points during treatment. All samples will be stored in the Biological Resource Repository.

Mechanisms of resistance have been studied for many years in various experimental models. However, many drugs that are highly effective in experimental models at overcoming resistance have been either ineffective or marginally active in preliminary clinical studies. Thus after decades of study, most reviews of anti-cancer drug resistance still focus largely on experimental models, which may not reflect resistance in humans. However, recent studies have demonstrated that clinical resistance occurs in primary and metastatic tumors that may have undergone significant molecular evolution due to treatment effects and the selection of clones as recently shown in breast cancer.

Triple negative breast cancer is a subtype that carries a poor prognosis and a high incidence of early metastatic recurrence. Furthermore, no target therapy is efficacious up to now in this subtype. Thus, identification of mechanisms of resistance to available therapies and prediction of tumoral response to various treatments could help in the management of patients affected by this particularly aggressive type of breast cancer.

The goals of this study are two-fold. First, to build a biobank of blood and tissue specimens, prior to starting chemotherapy and at a determined time-point (surgery or progression of disease), from patients undergoing the chemotherapeutic treatments in the neoadjuvant and metastatic settings. Second, to use cutting-edge molecular techniques available in several Quebec research centers, to carefully compare these pre and post treatment samples to identify "molecular factors of resistance". The discovery of these factors will help oncologists in triaging patients to receive the most beneficial therapy by recognizing when not to give particular treatment and will be essential for reducing the potential for harmful side effects and for avoiding the extremely high cost of modern treatments when they can be predicted to be ineffective.

Inclusion Criteria:

Neoadjuvant setting

1. Histologically confirmed diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the breast
2. Patient candidate for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (taxane-based)
3. Triple negative (ERnegative, PRnegative and Her2negative as defined by local standards)
4. Normal coagulation profile; including INR/ PTT ≤ 1.5 x ULN.
5. ECOG 0,1 or 2
6. Provide written consent after the investigational nature, study design, risks and benefits of the study have been explained.
7. Able to adhere to the study visit schedule and other protocol requirements.

Metastatic setting

1. Patients with histologically confirmed primary adenocarcinoma of the breast
2. Metastatic (stage IV) disease at initial diagnosis or following previous diagnosis of primary breast cancer
3. At least one metastatic site accessible for biopsy.
4. ER-negative, PgR negative and HER2 negative as per local standards
5. Scheduled to receive chemotherapy for triple negative metastatic breast cancer.
6. Measurable disease (at least one unidimensionally measurable lesion)
7. Normal coagulation profile; including INR/ PTT ≤ 1.5 x ULN.
8. ECOG 0,1 or 2
9. Life expectancy of 12 or more weeks.
10. Provide written consent after the investigational nature, study design, risks and benefits of the study have been explained.
11. Able to adhere to the study visit schedule and other protocol requirements

Exclusion Criteria:

Neoadjuvant setting

1. Positive for ER, PR or Her2 as defined by local standards
2. Clinical or radiological evidence of metastatic disease
3. Inadequate or unusable tissue as the only tissue available for biopsy
4. Other non-malignant systemic disease to preclude treatment with chemotherapy regimen or prevent follow-up
5. Diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer
6. Known infection with HIV or hepatitis

Metastatic setting

1. Patients with ER+, PR+ or HER2+ tumors demonstrated by local standards
2. Inadequate or unusable tissue as the only tissue available for biopsy
3. Other non-malignant systemic disease to preclude treatment with standard chemotherapy regimen or prevent follow-up
4. Abnormal coagulation profile
5. The planned concurrent administration of therapies (e.g. palliative radiotherapy) that target metastatic sites accessible for biopsy
6. Known infection with HIV or hepatitis

This study will be conducted in patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer and pathologically identified as triple negative (not expressing estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 protein, and not showing ERBB2 gene amplification) who will be undergoing neoadjuvant treatment or chemotherapy for metastatic disease.