The purpose of this study is to find out if folic acid prevents of the reduction of fetal body and brain size in infants whose mothers smoke.

Smoking during pregnancy remains a common practice despite smoking cessation programs offered to mothers. Only 20-40% of women quit smoking during pregnancy which implies that a majority of smokers continue smoking despite the associated feto-infant morbidity and mortality. It is therefore important to identify ways and means of protecting these infants as they grow and develop during intrauterine life. In this study, we propose to assess the utility of higher-strength folic acid (4mg) combined with smoking cessation programs as compared to standard of care (smoking cessation program and low-strength (0.8mg) folic acid) in reducing the level of morbidity (specifically fetal body and brain size) sustained by infants of smokers

Inclusion Criteria:

((1) Smoker, based on presence of detectable cotinine in saliva (biomarker).; (2) Ages 18-44 years; (3) Singleton gestation (< 20 weeks), confirmed by sonogram; (4) Residents of Tampa, Florida or surrounding area in order to facilitate follow-up and reduce attrition rate.

Exclusion Criteria:

(a) an indication for chronic blood transfusion. Women receiving chronic blood transfusions will not be enrolled, as transfused red blood cells (RBC) can result in inaccurate analysis of folate RBC levels88; (b) generalized seizure disorder treated with anti-convulsant medication: Patients with generalized seizure disorder treated with anticonvulsant medication will be excluded because of the potential association with folic acid deficiency88.