This pilot study is being performed to investigate the influence that starting contraception with an IUD has on the local immune cell populations and features, with a particular focus on the cells and cell-surface features that are important in HIV transmission (CD4 cells and CCR5 cell receptors).

Based on results from large epidemiologic studies there seems to be a consistent finding of slightly increased HIV acquisition in women who use hormonal contraception. It is not clear if this is due to a biological phenomenon or if it relates to a difference in sexual behaviors/risks of women on hormonal contraceptives.

The study hypothesis is that CD4 cells and CCR5 HIV-tropic receptor density increases within the upper and lower genital tract of women 2 months after placement of progestin-containing intrauterine devices for contraception as compared with women not using hormonal contraception.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Non-pregnant, healthy females who are seeking an IUD for contraception
2. Age 18-40 years, inclusive at the time of enrollment
3. History of regular menstrual cycles defined as occurring every 21-35 days when not using hormones and with a variation of typical cycle length of no more than 5 days
4. Willing and able to sign the informed consent and to comply with the study protocol

Inclusion criteria for healthy control subjects:

1. Non-pregnant, healthy females
2. Age 18-40 years, inclusive at the time of enrollment
3. History of regular menstrual cycles defined as occurring every 21-35 days when not using hormones and with a variation of typical cycle length of no more than 5 days
4. Willing and able to sign the informed consent and to comply with the study protocol
5. Prior surgical sterilization or heterosexually abstinent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Use of any hormonal or intrauterine contraceptive method within the past two months

2. Use of DMPA within the past 10 months

3. Any of the following within the past two months:

   • Pregnancy or breastfeeding
   • Surgery/biopsy of the vulva, vagina, or cervix
   • History of STI
   • New sexual partner

4. Evidence of vaginal/pelvic infection on screening

   • Abnormal wet mount (see description above)
   • Pelvic exam findings clinically consistent with infection
   • Positive screen for Gc, Ct, or HIV (will be excluded post randomization)

5. Active HSV/ulcerative disease in the genital tract or perineum

6. History of immunosuppression (diabetes, HIV, chronic steroid use)

7. Use of vaginal product (N9, microbicide, douche, antifungal, steroid, or hormone) within the past 30 days

8. Use of any systemic or vaginal steroid or antibiotic within the past 30 days

9. Vaginal or anal intercourse within 1 week of sample collection

10. Heterosexual vaginal intercourse since last menses without condom use

11. History of hysterectomy

12. History of malignancy in the uterus or cervix

13. Uterine anomaly (bicornuate uterus, uterine septum, or uterine didelphys)

14. Allergy to copper and/or intolerance to levonorgestrel

We identified a need for methods optimization prior to proceeding with a large definitive study to determine contraceptive hormone induced changes in genital tract immune cell populations.