The study will compare the efficacy of Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy (TARGET) vs. the best validated psychotherapy for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Prolonged Exposure (PE). Male military personnel and veterans suffering with PTSD and problems with anger after returning from military service in Afghanistan (Operation Emerging Freedom, OEF) and/or Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF) will be participants. The goal is to determine if a present-centered psychotherapy that teaches skills for emotion regulation and does not require re-telling of traumatic memories is as efficacious as the trauma memory-focused PE psychotherapy.

The study is based on a theoretical and clinical model that involves a series of associated risks that are set in motion by exposure to military-related traumatic stressors in Iraq or Afghanistan. Trauma exposure places personnel at risk for PTSD, which in turn increases their risk of problems with anger and hostility, emotion dysregulation and experiential avoidance, and ultimately with alcohol abuse and aggression. The two types of treatments being compared, TARGET (Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy) and PE (Prolonged Exposure), are both designed to directly reduce PTSD severity by reducing emotion dysregulation (TARGET) and experiential avoidance (PE), and therefore are hypothesized to reduce the risk and severity of alcohol abuse and aggression- and thereby to reduce associated legal and societal costs.

Inclusion Criteria:

• be a returning OEF/OIF military personnel or veteran
• have experienced PTSD for the past month
• have experienced anger and at least one act of aggression in the last month
• be mentally able to provide a valid consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• currently be danger of suicide
• currently abusing alcohol or other substances
• been in an inpatient psychiatric or addiction treatment program in the past month