In renal transplant recipients, residual renal insufficiency combined to the effects of immunosuppressive therapy with steroids or calcineurin inhibitors may reduce insulin activity and may contribute to several of the abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome, such as hypertension, glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia. In turn, insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia may importantly contribute to the excess cardiovascular risk of renal transplant patients (an excess comparable to that of diabetes subjects with over diabetic nephropathy)and may also accelerate progressive renal function deterioration and promote graft loss. Thus, amelioration of the insulin activity and of the related metabolic syndrome is a key component of treatments aimed to improve patient and graft survival in renal transplant recipients. Recently, drugs such as peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma activators, that ameliorate insulin sensitivity and metabolic syndrome, have become available.These agents, however, can provoke fluid retention, weight gain, edema and, in some cases, heart failure.

Recent studies showed that telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, in addition to block the angiotensin II type 1 - a key surface receptor involved in the regulation of blood pressure - may also activate peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma activators, thus improving some of the features of the metabolic syndrome. Thus telmisartan may substantially reduce the overall cardiovascular and renal risk of renal transplant recipients by ameliorating some of the modifiable components of the metabolic syndrome. On the other hand, telmisartan is devoid of the adverse effects of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma activators such as fluid retention, and has therefore a remarkably better risk/benefit profile. Thus, whether telmisartan in addition to the beneficial effects of a reference angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (such as losartan) may offer adjunctive advantages related to improved insulin sensitivity in renal transplant patients on chronic therapy with steroids and/or calcineurin inhibitors, is worth investigating.

BACKGROUND In renal transplant recipients, residual renal insufficiency combined to the effects of immunosuppressive therapy with steroids or calcineurin inhibitors may reduce insulin activity and may contribute to several of the abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome, such as hypertension, glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia. In turn, insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia may importantly contribute to the excess cardiovascular risk of renal transplant patients (an excess comparable to that of diabetes subjects with over diabetic nephropathy)and may also accelerate progressive renal function deterioration and promote graft loss. Thus, amelioration of the insulin activity and of the related metabolic syndrome is a key component of treatments aimed to improve patient and graft survival in renal transplant recipients. Recently, drugs such as peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma activators, that ameliorate insulin sensitivity and metabolic syndrome, have become available. These agents, however, can provoke fluid retention, weight gain, edema and, in some cases, heart failure. Thus, the risk/benefit profile of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma activators is still uncertain, in particular in renal transplant patients where the risks of therapy may overwhelm the potential benefits.

Recent studies showed that telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, in addition to block the angiotensin II type 1 - a key surface receptor involved in the regulation of blood pressure - may also activate PPAR-gamma, thus improving some of the features of the metabolic syndrome, such as hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in people with hypertension and/or diabetes. Thus, in addition to control high blood pressure and to limit some of the adverse effects of angiotensin II, including target organ damage, graft fibrosis and cyclosporine (CsA) nephrotoxicity, telmisartan may also substantially reduce the overall cardiovascular and renal risk of renal transplant recipients by ameliorating some of the modifiable components of the metabolic syndrome, such as hypertension, glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia. On the other hand, telmisartan is devoid of the adverse effects of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma activators such as fluid retention, and has therefore a remarkably better risk/benefit profile. Thus, whether telmisartan in addition to the beneficial effects of a reference AII receptor antagonist (such as losartan) may offer adjunctive advantages related to improved insulin sensitivity in renal transplant patients on chronic therapy with steroids and/or calcineurin inhibitors, is worth investigating.

AIMS The primary aim is to compare the short-term effects of telmisartan and losartan on insulin sensitivity in kidney transplant recipients with stable renal function and concomitant treatment with steroids and/or calcineurin inhibitors.

DESIGN This will be a pilot, explorative study. On the basis of previous experimental evidence, a crossover study on 20 patients should have the power to detect a statistically significant difference in the effect on insulin activity between each treatment period as compared to baseline.

Patients will be randomised on a 1:1 basis to the sequence Telmisartan-Losartan or to sequence losartan-telmisartan.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Informed consent;
• Age > 18 years;
• Single renal transplant or dual marginal > 6 months duration;
• Blood pressure >130/85 mmHg or need for anti-hypertensive therapy;
• Stable renal function (changes in serum creatinine < 30%) and no acute rejection episodes in the last six months;
• Stable (for at least six months) dual or triple immunosuppressive therapy including corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors;
• Legal capacity.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Vascular disease of the kidney;
• Heart failure: NYHA classification class III-IV on ACE or AII inhibitor therapy;
• Cerebral haemorrhage, stroke or TIA within three months prior to study enrolment;
• Myocardial infarction within three months prior to study enrolment;
• Unstable angina pectoris;
• Severe hepatic disease;
• Pregnancy or women of child-bearing potential without following a scientifically accepted form of contraception;
• Overt diabetes or concomitant treatment with oral antidiabetic agents and/or insulin;
• Specific clinical indication (other than arterial hypertension) to be treated with ACE inhibitors or AII receptor antagonists;
• Specific contraindications or history of hypersensitivity to the study drugs, glitazones, ACE inhibitors or AII receptor antagonists;
• Participation to other clinical trials over the last three months;
• Legal incapacity;
• Previous diagnosis of: intellectual disability/mental retardation, dementia, schizophrenia.