Treatment of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is 100 times more expensive than treatment of drug-susceptible TB, requiring intensive clinical management for prolonged time (18-24 months) and more toxic treatment course. In prior open label study the investigators have shown that adding V-5 Immunitor (V5), can reduce treatment duration to one month and enhance by 4-5 fold the efficacy of TB drugs. Furthermore, V5 has been shown to reverse or reduce liver damage caused by chemotherapy. The cost of V5 will be very modest. The investigators propose to conduct placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with treatment refractory TB so that the clinical benefit of V5 is confirmed.

The first-diagnosed Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (TB) is curable with the first line of anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATT) in over 90% of cases within 6 months. The treatment of TB, refractory to conventional ATT, requires the deployment of second line TB drugs. This represents a significant challenge, particularly in resource-poor countries.

The incidence of TB in Ukraine prior to 1992 was about 40 cases per 100,000 people. Ten years later, TB cases increased to over 80/100,000, with mortality doubled from 10.2/100,000 to 21.6/100,000. Drug-resistant TB is now common in Ukraine. Isoniazid and rifampicin resistance, which defines the MDR-TB, has been found in 44% and 32.9% of TB isolates. The first Ukrainian case of HIV was reported in 1987. Today, Ukraine has the highest HIV rate in the Eastern Europe, with increasing proportion of dual infection. For example, in 2002 the prevalence of TB and HIV co-infection was 6.3%, but in 2006 at least 15.5 % of TB patients had HIV co-infection.

It is clear that alternative and improved treatment options are needed. If such an intervention is found, the impact on the healthcare and clinical management of treatment-refractory TB and TB-HIV patients will be tremendous. The significant efforts are directed at finding new drugs and vaccines against TB. Immune-based interventions are actively sought as an adjunct therapy to conventional ATT. In earlier study the investigators have accidentally observed that when patients with chronic hepatitis C and HIV-TB were given V5 together with TB drugs it resulted in negative sputum conversion in 95% of patients within one month. This startling finding had prompted this study. The aim of the present study is to compare the clinical benefit of TB therapy in combination with V5 versus combination of placebo with ATT in a representative population of patients who are poorly manageable due to relapsing TB, MDR-TB, or TB-HIV co-infection.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subjects who are at least 18 years old and are willing and capable of providing written-informed consent.
• Both men and non-pregnant women will be included.
• One group of 30 patients will have HIV.
• Another group of 30 patients will have drug-resistant TB (MDR or XDR).
• Remaining 60 patients will have drug-sensitive TB of which 30 will be assigned to placebo.
• TB infection documented prior to Study Entry by either the presence of TB rapid test or sputum smear positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB).
• At least two independent tests are sought to confirm TB diagnosis.
• Agreement to participate in the study and to give a sample of blood for HIV testing.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subjects who have already taken V5 in prior trial and those without baseline data.

• Those who met inclusion criteria can be retrospectively enrolled.

• Those who are re-treated and relapsed will be eligible as long as they are on the same drug regimen as the rest of patients.

• Pregnant or breast-feeding women are excluded.

• Subjects who have taken anti-retroviral drugs or immunomodulatory therapies within 2 months prior to Entry:

  • systemic corticosteroids
  • immune globulin (IV gamma globulin, IVIG)
  • interferons,
  • interleukins
  • pentoxifylline (Trental)
  • thalidomide
  • filgrastim (G-CSF)
  • sargramostim (GM-CSF)
  • dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)
  • thymosin alpha 1 (thymosin alpha)
  • thymopentin
  • inosiplex (Isoprinosine)
  • polyribonucleoside (Ampligen)
  • ditiocarb sodium (Imuthiol)
  • any locally available immune modulators
  • and any other therapeutic or preventive vaccine.

• Subjects requiring concurrent participation in another experimental research treatment study, or who received an experimental agent within four weeks prior to Study Entry.

• Medical conditions that in the opinion of the local investigator, may obscure the proper observation of the safety or activity of the study treatment; including any acute medical condition of unknown etiology or recent surgery prior to Entry.

• Medical conditions such as active alcohol or substance abuse, or psychological issues that in the opinion of the local investigator, would interfere with adherence to the requirements of this study.