Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Region Skane | OTHER |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The main purpose of this 2-year lifestyle experiment for waist loss is twofold:
People with abdominal overweight (≥84 cm in women and ≥98 cm in men) and at least one additional cardiovascular risk factor, (typically hypertension, diabetes type 2 or prior cardiovascular disease) are randomly assigned to receive Diet A or Diet B, with or without a structured exercise program at the department of physiotherapy, or to a control group receiving usual care. Diet A and B both include fruit, vegetables, fish, meat, and low-fat dairy products, and differ only in that Diet A recommends exchange of cereal grains for more potatoes, root vegetables, fruit and other carbohydrate-rich foods, while Diet B recommends exchange of regular cereal grains for whole grains. The primary outcome (most important follow-up variable) is change in waist circumference during 2 years. Secondary outcome measures include blood pressure, blood lipids, level of physical activity and, in subjects with diabetes, glycated hemoglobin and fasting blood sugar.
This is a randomized controlled trial with 5 parallel groups of approximately equal size. Two hundred subjects with increased waist circumference (≥84 cm in women and ≥98 cm in men) and at least one additional cardiovascular risk factor will be included.
Four of the 5 groups will receive dietary advice (A or B) and 2 of them will be allocated to physiotherapy. A fifth control group will only receive usual care in addition to follow-up. Randomization will be performed by use of an internet-based random number generator from the School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College, Dublin (www.random.org). randomly assigned to receive Diet A or Diet B, with or without a structured exercise program at the department of physiotherapy, or to a control group receiving usual care.
In addition to primary (waist loss) and secondary outcome measures as given below, a health questionnaire will be performed at baseline and after 12 and 24 months with questions about general health, self-reported quality of life, medication use, living habits, physical activity, nutrition, tobacco, alcohol, personal motivation and perceived ability to change lifestyle. Furthermore, serum creatinine will be measured at baseline, and after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months.
There are few randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of different lifestyle interventions on physical activity level or weight loss in overweight people at high risk of cardiovascular disease. There is no such study of the possible effect of a structured exercise program with group training led by physiotherapists, with the exception of rehabilitation programs after myocardial infarction. In addition, the possible unique effect of cereal grains on satiety and energy intake has not been addressed in randomized controlled trials. In two earlier studies in glucose intolerance and diabetes type 2, we have applied a dietary model (Paleolithic diet) based on root vegetables, fruit, vegetables, meat and fish, partly at the expense of cereal grains (Lindeberg et al., 2007; Jönsson et al., 2009). The results showed a more beneficial effect on waist circumference than from traditional dietary advice. In one of the studies in 29 overweight men with coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance, the decrease of waist circumference was 2.7 cm greater (p=0,03) in the intervention group (-5.6 cm; 95% confidence interval [CI] -7.2;-3.9) than in the control group (-2.9, CI -4.8;-1.1) during 3 months of follow-up (Lindeberg et al., 2007). In the second study, where the same dietary model was applied in cross-over design among 13 subjects with diabetes type 2, waist circumference decreased 4 cm more (p=0,02) during the intervention diet than during the control diet (Jönsson et al., 2009). There is some evidence to suggest that cereal grains may interfere with leptin receptor activity in a way that could hypothetically suppress satiety (Jönsson et al., 2005; Kamikubo et al., 2008).
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diet A and physiotherapy | Active Comparator | Behavioral: Diet A Prudent diet without grains. Written advice and 17-20 group sessions. Subjects are advised to avoid cereal grains. Apart from that, the recommendation is to follow Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) for overweight people, i.e. to eat much fruit, vegetables, fish, and to choose low-fat meat, and low-fat dairy products, and to avoid junk food and juice. In order to match carbohydrate intake between the arms, a high intake of potatoes, root vegetables, fruit and other carbohydrate-rich foods is recommended. Behavioral: Physiotherapy Twelve physiotherapy-led, charged, 2-hour sessions of structured group training for increased cardiorespiratory fitness. A pedometer sold at the start. Physical activity on prescription (FaR) at the end. |
|
| Diet B and physiotherapy | Active Comparator | Behavioral: Diet B Prudent diet with whole grains. Written advice and 17-20 group sessions. An exchange of regular cereal grains for whole grains is recommended. A daily intake of 7-8 portions of whole grain products is recommended, and a list of recommended cereal products (brands, names) is provided. Apart from that, the recommendation is identical to Diet A. Other Name: Whole grains Behavioral: Physiotherapy Twelve physiotherapy-led, charged, 2-hour sessions of structured group training for increased cardiorespiratory fitness. A pedometer sold at the start. Physical activity on prescription (FaR) at the end. Other Name: Exercise |
|
| Diet A only | Active Comparator | Behavioral: Diet A Prudent diet without grains. Written advice and 17-20 group sessions. Subjects are advised to avoid cereal grains as much as possible. Apart from that, the recommendation is to follow Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) for overweight people (www.slv.se; in Swedish), i.e. to eat much fruit, vegetables, fish, and to choose low-fat meat, and low-fat dairy products, and to avoid candy, ice cream, snacks, cakes, pastries, chocolate, potato chips, beer, soft drinks and juice. In order to match carbohydrate intake between the intervention arms, a high intake of potatoes, root vegetables, fruit and other carbohydrate-rich foods is recommended. Other Name: No grains |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet A | Behavioral | Prudent diet without grains. Written advice and 17-20 group sessions. Subjects are advised to avoid cereal grains as much as possible. Apart from that, the recommendation is to follow Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) for overweight people (www.slv.se), i.e. to eat much fruit, vegetables, fish, and to choose low-fat meat, and low-fat dairy products, and to avoid candy, ice cream, snacks, cakes, pastries, chocolate, potato chips, beer, soft drinks and juice. In order to match carbohydrate intake between the intervention arms, a high intake of potatoes, root vegetables, fruit and other carbohydrate-rich foods is recommended. Guideline: 200-400 g of potatoes, 300-500 g of root crops, 400-600 g of vegetables, 200-300 g of beans, peas and corn, and 600 g of fruit and berries per day. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change of waist circumference | Waist circumference (at elbow level) will be measured at baseline and after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. | 2 years |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change of systolic and diastolic blood pressure | At baseline and after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, sitting blood pressure will be measured twice at heart level with an automated device. | 2 years |
| Change of body fat percentage |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Staffan Lindeberg, MD PhD | Center for Primary Health Care research, CRC, Lund University | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center for Primary Health Care Research, CRC, Lund University, Sweden | Lund | Skåne County | Sweden |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17583796 | Background | Lindeberg S, Jonsson T, Granfeldt Y, Borgstrand E, Soffman J, Sjostrom K, Ahren B. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia. 2007 Sep;50(9):1795-1807. doi: 10.1007/s00125-007-0716-y. Epub 2007 Jun 22. | |
| 19604407 | Background |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
| Diet B only | Active Comparator | Behavioral: Diet B Prudent diet with whole grains. Written advice and 17-20 group sessions. An exchange of regular cereal grains for whole grains is recommended. A daily intake of 7-8 portions of whole grain products is recommended, and a list of recommended cereal products (brands, names) is provided. Apart from that, the recommendation is identical to Diet A. The goal is that carbohydrate intake, as a proportion of total energy intake, should not differ between the groups. Other Name: Whole grains |
|
| Control | No Intervention | Only follow-up. No intervention. |
|
|
| Diet B | Behavioral | Prudent diet with whole grains. Written advice and 17-20 group sessions. An exchange of regular cereal grains for whole grains is recommended. A daily intake of 7-8 portions of whole grain products is recommended, and a list of recommended cereal products (brands, names) is provided. Apart from that, the recommendation is identical to Diet A: to follow Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) for overweight people (www.slv.se; in Swedish), i.e. to eat much fruit, vegetables, fish, and to choose low-fat meat, and low-fat dairy products, and to avoid candy, ice cream, snacks, cakes, pastries, chocolate, potato chips, beer, soft drinks and juice. The goal is that carbohydrate intake, as a proportion of total energy intake, should not differ between the groups. |
|
|
| Physiotherapy | Behavioral | Twelve physiotherapy-led, charged, 2-hour sessions of structured group training for increased cardiorespiratory fitness. A pedometer sold at the start. Physical activity on prescription (FaR) at the end. |
|
|
At baseline and after 12 and 24 months, total body fat percentage will be assessed by use of a Tanita hand-foot-BIA. Thickness of subcutaneous fat will be assessed by use of a Harpenden skinfold caliper at four sites (biceps, triceps, suprailiac and subscapular).
| 2 years |
| Change of plasma non-HDL cholesterol | Non-fasting plasma total and HDL cholesterol will be measured at baseline and after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. HDL cholesterol will be subtracted from total cholesterol. | 2 years |
| Change of physical activity level | A hip-mounted ActiGraph accelerometer will be worn daytime for six days at baseline and after 12 and 24 months for continuous monitoring of physical activity. | 2 years |
| Change of glycated hemoglobin | Only in subjects with diabetes | 2 years |
| Change of fasting blood sugar | Only in subjects with diabetes | 2 years |
| Change of quantity and dosage of blood sugar-lowering drugs | All subjects will be analyzed. | 2 years |
| Jonsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahren B, Branell UC, Palsson G, Hansson A, Soderstrom M, Lindeberg S. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009 Jul 16;8:35. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-8-35. |
| 17983356 | Background | Kamikubo Y, Dellas C, Loskutoff DJ, Quigley JP, Ruggeri ZM. Contribution of leptin receptor N-linked glycans to leptin binding. Biochem J. 2008 Mar 15;410(3):595-604. doi: 10.1042/BJ20071137. |
| 16336696 | Background | Jonsson T, Olsson S, Ahren B, Bog-Hansen TC, Dole A, Lindeberg S. Agrarian diet and diseases of affluence--do evolutionary novel dietary lectins cause leptin resistance? BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Dec 10;5:10. doi: 10.1186/1472-6823-5-10. |
| 41039470 | Derived | Rydhog B, Carrera-Bastos P, Granfeldt Y, Sundquist K, Jonsson T. Paleolithic diet fraction and score in post hoc data analysis of a randomized controlled trial with lifestyle interventions for abdominal obesity. BMC Nutr. 2025 Oct 2;11(1):180. doi: 10.1186/s40795-025-01165-4. |
| 38639002 | Derived | Carrera-Bastos P, Rydhog B, Fontes-Villalba M, Arvidsson D, Granfeldt Y, Sundquist K, Jonsson T. Randomised controlled trial of lifestyle interventions for abdominal obesity in primary health care. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2024 Apr 19;25:e19. doi: 10.1017/S1463423624000069. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D056128 | Obesity, Abdominal |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| D006973 | Hypertension |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D018149 | Glucose Intolerance |
| D020521 | Stroke |
| D015431 | Weight Loss |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D006943 | Hyperglycemia |
| D002561 | Cerebrovascular Disorders |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D001836 | Body Weight Changes |
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000067348 | Whole Grains |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002523 | Edible Grain |
| D018556 | Crops, Agricultural |
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D012639 | Seeds |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
Not provided
Not provided