Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards. Trough FEV1 was defined as the mean of the 23 hour 15 minute and 23 hour 45 minute post-dose values. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline FEV1 and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set, defined as all randomized participants who received at least one dose of study drug, with data available for analysis. Data was imputed with last observation carried forward. Data within 6 hours of rescue medication use or 7 days of systemic corticosteroid use is excluded from the analysis.

A trained assessor interviewed the patient and graded the degree of impairment due to dyspnea (difficulty breathing). TDI focal score is based on three domains: functional impairment, magnitude of task and magnitude of effort. Each domain is scored from -3 (major deterioration) to 3 (major improvement) to give an overall TDI focal score of -9 to 9. Higher numbers indicate a better score. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with Baseline Dyspnea Index Score and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set, included all participants who received at least one dose of study drug, with data available for analysis. Missing data were imputed with Last Observation Carried Forward.

SGRQ is a health related quality of life questionnaire consisting of 51 items in three areas: symptoms (respiratory symptoms and severity), activity (activities that cause or are limited by breathlessness) and impacts (social functioning and psychological disturbances due to airway disease). The total score is 0 to 100 with a higher score indicating poorer health status. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with Baseline SGRQ and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set,included all participants who received at least one dose of study drug, with data available for analysis. Missing data were imputed with Last Observation Carried Forward but not more than 14 weeks and data within 4 weeks of day 1 were not carried forward.

The number of puffs of rescue medication taken in the previous 12 hours was record in patient diary in the morning and in the evening for 26 weeks. The total number of puffs per day was calculated and divided by the number of days with data to determine the mean daily number of puffs of rescue medication for each patient. Rescue medication data recorded during the 14 day run-in was used to calculate the baseline. A negative change from baseline indicates improvement. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline number of puffs and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the full analysis, consisting of all randomized participant who received study drug, with data available for analysis.

Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards. Trough FEV1 was defined as the mean of the 23 hour 15 minute and 23 hour 45 minute post-dose values. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline FEV1 and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set, defined as all randomized participants who received at least one dose of study drug, with data available for analysis. Data was imputed with last observation carried forward. Data within 6 hours of rescue medication use or 7 days of systemic corticosteroid use is excluded from the analysis.

Spirometry was performed according to internationally accepted standards. Trough FEV1 was defined as the mean of the 23 hour 15 minute and 23 hour 45 minute post-dose values. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline FEV1 and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the Per-protocol Set, randomized participants who received at least one dose of study drug without major protocol deviations. Data was imputed with last observation carried forward. Data within 6 hours of rescue medication use or 7 days of systemic corticosteroid use is excluded from the analysis.

A trained assessor interviewed the patient and graded the degree of impairment due to dyspnea (difficulty breathing). BDI/TDI focal score is based on three domains: functional impairment, magnitude of task and magnitude of effort and captures changes from baseline. BDI was measured at day 1 prior to the first dose with domain scores ranging from 0=very severe to 4=no impairment and a total score ranging from 0 to 12(best). TDI captures changes from baseline. Each domain is scored from -3=major deterioration to 3=major improvement to give an overall TDI focal score of -9 to 9. Higher numbers indicate a better score.

A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with Baseline Dyspnea Index Score and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators as covariates and included baseline smoking status, baseline inhaled corticosteroids and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set, included all participants who received at least one dose of study drug, with data available for analysis. Missing data were imputed with Last Observation Carried Forward but not more than 14 weeks and data within 4 weeks of day 1 were not carried forward.

A trained assessor interviewed the patient and graded the degree of impairment due to dyspnea (difficulty breathing) at Week 12 and Week 26. TDI focal score is based on three domains: functional impairment, magnitude of task and magnitude of effort. The BDI (baseline) was measured at Day 1. The TDI captures changes from baseline. Each domain is scored from -3 (major deterioration) to 3 (major improvement) to give an overall TDI focal score of -9 to 9.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set, included all participants who received at least one dose of study drug, with data available for analysis. Missing data were imputed with Last Observation Carried Forward.

SGRQ is a health related quality of life questionnaire consisting of 51 items in three areas: symptoms (respiratory symptoms and severity), activity (activities that cause or are limited by breathlessness) and impacts (social functioning and psychological disturbances due to airway disease). The total score is 0 to 100 with a higher score indicating poorer health status. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with Baseline SGRQ and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set, included all participants who received at least one dose of study drug, with data available for analysis. Missing data were imputed with Last Observation Carried Forward but not more than 14 weeks and data within 4 weeks of day 1 were not carried forward.

SGRQ is a health related quality of life questionnaire consisting of 51 items in three areas: symptoms (respiratory symptoms and severity), activity (activities that cause or are limited by breathlessness) and impacts (social functioning and psychological disturbances due to airway disease). The total score is 0 to 100 with a higher score indicating poorer health status.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set, that included all participants who received at least one dose of study drug, with data available for analysis. Missing data were imputed with Last Observation Carried Forward but not more than 14 weeks and data within 4 weeks of day 1 were not carried forward.

A day with no night time awakenings is defined from the diary data as any day where the patient did not wake up due to COPD symptoms. The percentage of nights is calculated by the number of days with no nighttime awakenings/total number of days with evaluable data X 100. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline Percent days and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set, all randomized participants who received study drug, with evaluable diary data (at least 40 days) for analysis.

A day with no day time symptoms is defined from the diary data as any day where the patient recorded no coughing, no wheezing, no sputum production and no breathlessness during the previous 12 hours (approximately 8AM to 8PM). The percentage of days is calculated by the number of days with no daytime symptoms/total number of days with evaluable data X 100. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline Percent of days and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set, all randomized participants who received study drug, with evaluable diary data (at least 40 days) for analysis.

Patients answered the question "Did your respiratory symptoms stop you performing your usual activities today?-Not at all in their daily diary. The percentage of days is calculated by the number of days patient is able to perform daily activities/total number of days with evaluable data X 100. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline Percent of Days and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the Full Analysis Set, all randomized participants who received study drug, with evaluable diary data (at least 40 days) for analysis.

The number of puffs of rescue medication taken in the previous 12 hours was record in patient diary in the morning and in the evening for 26 weeks. The total number of puffs per day was calculated and divided by the number of days with data to determine the mean daily number of puffs of rescue medication for each patient. Rescue medication data recorded during the 14 day run-in was used to calculate the baseline. A negative change from baseline indicates improvement. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline number of puffs and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the full analysis, consisting of all randomized participant who received study drug, with data available for analysis at Week 12 and Week 26.

The number of puffs of rescue medication taken in the previous 12 hours was record in patient diary in the morning and in the evening for 26 weeks. The total number of puffs in the morning and evening were calculated and divided by the number of days with data to determine the mean daily number of daytime and nighttime puffs. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline number of puffs and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline (BL) ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the full analysis, consisting of all randomized participant who received study drug, with data available for analysis.

A day with no rescue medication use is defined from the diary data as any day where the patient recorded no rescue medicine use during the previous 12 hours. The percentage of days is calculated by the number of days with no rescue medicine use/total number of days with evaluable data X 100. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline number of puffs and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the full analysis set (all randomized participants who received at least one dose of study drug) with evaluable data (at least 40 days of diary data) available for analysis.

FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. Measurements were made at 5, 15, and 30 minutes; and 1, 2, and 4 hours post-dose. The standardized AUC FEV1 was calculated as the sum of trapezoids divided by the length of time. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline FEV1 and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from full analysis set, all randomized participants who received study drug, with data available for analysis. Data within 6 hours of rescue medication use or 7 days of systemic corticosteroid use is excluded from analysis.

FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. Measurements were made at 5, 15, and 30 minutes; and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 hours post-dose. The standardized AUC FEV1 was calculated as the sum of trapezoids divided by the length of time. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline FEV1 and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the 24 hour serial spirometry subset of the full analysis set (all randomized participants who received study drug) with data available for analysis. Data within 6 hours of rescue medication use or 7 days of systemic corticosteroid use is excluded from the analysis.

FEV1 was measured with spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. Measurements were made at 5, 15, and 30 minutes; and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 23 hours 15 minutes and 23 hours 45 minutes post-dose. The standardized AUC FEV1 was calculated as the sum of trapezoids divided by the length of time. A mixed model was used with treatment as a fixed effect with baseline FEV1 and FEV1 prior to inhalation and FEV1 60 minutes post inhalation of two short acting bronchodilators (components of reversibility at Day -14) as covariates. The model also included baseline smoking status (current/ex-smoker), baseline ICS use (Yes/No) and region as fixed effects with center nested within region as a random effect.

Participants from the 24 hour serial spirometry subset of the full analysis set (all randomized participants who received study drug) with data available for analysis. Data within 6 hours of rescue medication use or 7 days of systemic corticosteroid use is excluded from the analysis.

24-hourly mean heart rate was performed using a Holter Monitor at Weeks 12 and 26 in a subgroup of patients. Mixed model: heart rate = treatment + baseline heart rate + baseline smoking status + baseline ICS use + region + center (region) + error. Center was included as a random effect nested within region.

The 24-hourly mean heart rate is the mean heart rate over the 24 hour period, derived using hourly mean heart rate beats per minute.

Safety Set Holter Group-a subset of the Safety participants that included all randomized participants who received at least one dose of study drug and participated in the 24 hour Holter monitoring with evaluable data available for analysis. No participants in the Titotropium arm participated in the Holter Monitoring.

Rate of moderate or severe exacerbations per year = total number of moderate or severe exacerbations / total number of treatment years

Full Analysis Set includes all randomized participants who received at least one dose of study drug.

Full Analysis Set included all randomized participants who received at least one dose of study drug.