Participants were water-loaded to suppress the endogenous release of vasopressin, thus all antidiuretic activity was generated by desmopressin only. Water-loading was initiated 2 hours before dosing on Day 1. Urine volume was registered and samples for osmolality check were collected every 30 minutes as long as there was an antidiuretic action defined as a urine production <0.12 mL/kg/min. The hydration should have lasted until end of action, defined as when the urine production returned to >0.12 mL/kg/min, but no longer than 12 hours.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance.

Records of nocturia and sleep over three consecutive days per week were kept in voiding-sleep diaries by study participants. The average number of nocturnal voids of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to average baseline readings.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

Area under the urine osmolality curve, from dose administration to end of action (AUCosm).

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance.

Area under the urine production curve, from dose administration to end of action (AUCurine prod)

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance.

Urine volume was registered and samples for osmolality check were collected every 30 minutes as long as there was an antidiuretic action defined as a urine production <0.12 mL/kg/min. The hydration due to water-loading should have lasted until end of action, defined as when the urine production returned to >0.12 mL/kg/min, but no longer than 12 hours.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance.

Duration of first period of undisturbed sleep is defined as the length of time from initial sleep to first awakening.

Records of nocturia and sleep over three consecutive days per week were kept in voiding-sleep diaries by study participants. The average length of first period of undisturbed sleep of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to average baseline readings.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

Total sleep time is defined as the time spent asleep from initial sleep to final awakening.

Records of nocturia and sleep over three consecutive days per week were kept in voiding-sleep diaries by study participants. The average of the total time asleep of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to average baseline readings.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

Number of daytime voids was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. The average number of daytime voids of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

Number of voids in 24 hours was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. The average number of 24-hour voids of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

Nocturnal urine volume was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. The average nocturnal urine volume of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

Twenty-four hour urine volume was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. The average 24-hour urine volume of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

Twenty-four hour urine volume was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. Urine volume per body weight was calculated. The average 24-hour urine volume per kg of body weight of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

Nocturnal polyuria index is defined as a proportion of nocturnal urine volume to the 24-hour urine volume. Urine volume and time of day of those voids was recorded over three consecutive days per week in diaries kept by study participants. The average nocturnal polyuria index of the 3 days recorded in the last week of the study (between study days 25-32) was compared to the average baseline readings.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

N-QoL assesses the impact of nocturia on quality of life (QoL) and treatment outcomes. N-QoL is a self-administered questionnaire with 13 items using scales of 0 = no negative impact to QoL to the upper number = signficant negative impact to QoL. The sleep/energy domain consists of 7 questions with a scale of 0 to 28. The bother/concern domain consists of 5 questions for a scale of 0 to 20. The 13th question is an overall assessment scored from 0 to 10. The Total Score includes all 13 questions with a scale of 0 (no negative impact to QoL) to 58 (significant negative impact to QoL).

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

The Global Score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is comprised of Questions 2-9 with a total scale of 0 (no difficulty sleeping) to 21 (severe difficulty). The change in Global Score is Global Score at the end of period 2 (day 32) - Global Score at the start of Period 2 (day 4). A negative change indicates an improvement in quality of life.

Per protocol population, consisting of treated participants without major protocol violations and with >=80% treatment compliance. Missing values post baseline were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) where at least one post baseline measurement was available at a visit before the missing observation.

Serum sodium levels were monitored throughout the trial as part of the clinical chemistry panel. If the value was ≤125 mEq/L, the participant was to be withdrawn from the trial and treatment stopped immediately. This outcome reports participants' lowest recorded serum sodium levels during the second treatment period.

Safety population which included all randomised and exposed participants. Participants were analysed according to the actual treatment received.