We, the investigators, hypothesise that there are distinct gene profiles in rhinovirus-induced acute exacerbations of asthma. We further hypothesise that these changes in gene expression involve both known mediators of the asthma phenotype as well as other molecules not previously associated with asthma.

The primary objective of this study is to use gene array analysis to determine differentially expressed genes in bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages from normal and asthmatic subjects before and during rhinovirus infection in vivo. A secondary objective is to determine whether any altered expressions are related to symptom severity, virus load, lung function or airway inflammation in vivo.

We plan to recruit 45 subjects: 15 healthy volunteers, 15 asthmatics naïve to inhaled corticosteroid therapy, and 15 asthmatics on inhaled corticosteroids who will undergo two bronchoscopies, one prior to infection with rhinovirus and the second 4 days post inoculation. Bronchial brushings, biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) will be performed. RNA will be extracted with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and purified by passage through RNeasy columns (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Exon 1.0ST array chips (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) will be used to analyse changes in gene expression. These are the most powerful genome expression tools available with 1.4 million probe sets and over 5.5 million features per array. Genes found to be significantly upregulated will be confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR.

Using a novel method of collecting undiluted bronchial epithelial lining fluid (bronchosorption) large numbers of proteins will be measured with a MesoScale Discovery multiplexed array system (MesoScale Discovery, Gaithersburg, Md) allowing further confirmation of the gene array results as well as providing in vivo evidence of dysregulated protein production in asthmatics. Gene expression and protein levels will be correlated with viral load, symptom scores, lung function and airway inflammation in vivo.

This study represents the first comprehensive evaluation of changes in bronchial epithelial gene expression during rhinovirus infection in vivo and therefore has the potential to provide significant insights into the host response in asthma and identify potential novel targets for further evaluation.

Inclusion criteria for asthmatics:

Age 18-55 years Doctor diagnosis of asthma Histamine PC20 < 8 mg/mL Mild-to-moderate disease based on 2004 GINA criteria Treatment with either short-acting β-agonists (SABA) alone or with maintenance inhaled corticosteroids (daily dose between 200 μg and 1000 μg BDP equivalent) Worsening asthma symptoms with infection since last change in asthma therapy Atopic on skin testing (≥ 1 positive skin prick test on a panel of 10 aeroallergens)

Inclusion criteria for healthy subjects:

Age 18-55 years No history or clinical diagnosis of asthma or any other significant respiratory disease No history of allergic rhinitis or eczema Negative responses on skin prick testing (PC)20 > 8 µg/mL Absence of significant systemic disease

Exclusion criteria for asthmatics:

History of severe asthma defined by GINA Smoking history over past 6 months or > 5 pack year history Current symptoms of allergic rhinitis Current or previous history of significant respiratory disease (other than asthma) Any clinically relevant abnormality on screening or detected significant systemic disease Asthma exacerbation or viral illness within the previous 6 weeks Treatment with oral corticosteroids in the previous 3 months Current use of any nasal medication, anti-histamine, anti-leukotrienes, LABA, or anti-IgE therapy Presence of serum neutralising antibodies to rhinovirus-16 at screening Pregnant or breastfeeding women Contact with infants or elderly at home or at work

Exclusion criteria for healthy subjects:

History of atopy, asthma or any significant respiratory disease Smoking history over past 6 months or > 5 pack year history Current symptoms of rhinitis Any clinically relevant abnormality on screening or detected significant systemic disease Viral illness within the previous 6 weeks Current use of any nasal medication or anti-histamine Presence of serum neutralising antibodies to rhinovirus-16 at screening Pregnant or breastfeeding women Contact with infants or elderly at home or at work