This study will help us understand the possible beneficial effects of insulin in inflammation. Inflamamtion is considered to be the cause of atherosclerosis and heart disease.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are major health problems in the United States and the world. Both conditions are characterized by increased inflammation and oxidative stress and are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Our previous work shows that insulin exerts a prompt and powerful anti-inflammatory effect, on circulating blood cells and in plasma in healthy subjects and in critically ill patients.

Toll like receptors (TLRs) recognize bacterial and viral products like endotoxin and viruses and are major determinants of the inflammatory response against foreign pathogens. In view of the recent data showing that TLRs recognize a range of molecules and proteins that are not of pathogenic source like saturated lipids and that TLRs are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis which leads to cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance which leads to type 2 diabetes (DM) we hypothesized that insulin infusion suppresses TLRs expression.

Our preliminary data show that insulin infusion for 4 hours reduces the levels of many TLRs and thus might protect from inflammation induced conditions We therefore propose to investigate, in more detail, the effect of infusing different doses of insulin on TLRs mRNA and protein levels and its activity in obese and DM subjects over a longer infusion period and a larger number of subjects in circulating white blood cells and in fat tissue. Also we will be comparing the baseline levels of TLRs and TLRs related proteins as well as their modulation by insulin between normal, obese and DM subjects.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

Lean Group:

1. Age: 20 to 65 years of age inclusive
2. Sex: male or female
3. Normal fasting plasma glucose (65-100 mg/dl)
4. Normal BMI (20-25)

Obese Group:

1. Age: 20 to 65 years of age inclusive
2. Sex: male or female
3. Normal fasting plasma glucose (65-100 mg/dl)
4. BMI> 30

DM Group:

1. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
2. Age: 20 to 65 years of age inclusive
3. Sex: male or female
4. BMI >30
5. Hba1c < 8%
6. If on statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker or low dose aspirin, should be on a stable dose for one month.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

1. Pregnancy
2. Congestive heart failure
3. Heart Rate <50 beats /minute
4. Sick Sinus Syndrome
5. Second or third degree heart block
6. Blood pressure <80 mm systolic or > 160/100 mmHg
7. Coronary event or procedure (myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary artery bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty) in the previous three months
8. Hepatic disease (transaminase > 3 times normal)
9. Renal impairment (serum creatinine > 1.5)
10. History of drug or alcohol abuse within past one year
11. Participation in any other concurrent clinical trial
12. Potassium (K+) values <3.5 meq/l to > 5.5 meq/l)
13. Any other life-threatening, non-cardiac disease
14. Use of an investigational agent or therapeutic regimen within 30 days of study
15. Type 2 diabetics on thiazolidinediones and/ or insulin
16. Subjects on steroids, NSAIDS or antioxidants
17. Patients taking exenatide or sitaglipin or loop diuretics
18. Anemia (Hemoglobin level less than 12gm/dl in females and 13gm/dl in males) 19)Allergy to lidocaine