The purpose of this study is the comparative evaluation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) lowering, atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence and clinical data in patients with paroxysmal/persistent AF and resistant hypertension, undergoing AF ablation alone or combined with percutaneous renal denervation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Symptomatic drug-refractory AF (with history of failure of ≥2 class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs) in patients referred for catheter ablation of AF
• PAF with ≥1 monthly episodes or PersAF in patients who had already undergone ≥3 electrical cardioversions. PAF was defined as episodes lasting less than 7 days with spontaneous termination. PersAF was defined as lasting more than 7 days before being terminated pharmacologically or by electrical cardioversion.
• Office-based systolic blood pressure of ≥160 mm Hg, despite treatment with ≥3 antihypertensive drugs (including 1 diuretic)
• A glomerular filtration rate ≥45 mL/min/1⋅73 m2, with modification of diet using a renal disease formula

Exclusion Criteria:

• Previous atrial fibrillation ablation
• Type 1 of diabetes mellitus
• Structural heart disease
• Secondary cause of atrial hypertension
• Severe renal artery stenosis or renal arteries abnormalities
• Previous operations on renal arteries
• Pregnancy
• Previous heart, kidney, liver, or lung transplantation
• Unwillingness of participant