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The purpose of the present study is to assess the role of the RenalGuard System as compared to the optimal strategy (sodium bicarbonate infusion plus N-acetylcysteine (NAC)) in high and very-high risk patients to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury contrast induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI).
Consecutive patients with chronic kidney disease, referred to our institutions for coronary and/or peripheral procedures, will be randomly assigned to 1) prophylactic administration of sodium bicarbonate plus NAC (Systemic alone therapy group; n > 133) and 2) RenalGuard System treatment (RenalGuard group; n > 133). All enrolled patients must have an estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or a contrast nephropathy risk score ≥11). In all cases iodixanol (an iso-osmolar, non ionic contrast agent) will be administered. The primary end point is an increase of >=0.3 mg/dL in the creatinine concentration 48 hours after the procedure.
This study will give important answers on how to prevent CI-AKI in high and very-high risk patients undergoing contrast media exposure.
The strategy of volume supplementation by sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine (NAC) seems to be the optimal pharmacological approach in preventing contrast induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients at medium-to-high risk. Whether this prophylactic strategy is effective in high and very-high risk patients is unknown. In this subset of patients the potential protective effects and therapeutic advantage of a local delivery of protective compounds should be investigated. The RenalGuard™ System (PLC Medical Systes, Inc.) is a real-time measurement and real time matched fluid replacement device designed to accommodate the RenalGuard Therapy. The RenalGuard Therapy is based on the theory that creating and maintaining a high urine output is beneficial to patients undergoing imaging procedures where contrast agents are used. This should allow the body to rapidly eliminate contrast, reducing its toxic effects. The RenalGuard System seems to be ideal for the prevention of CI-AKI, by allowing an optimal urine flow rate >150 ml/h (ideally >300 ml/h). Preliminary data suggests that the RenalGuard System, by increasing the urine flow rate ≥ 300 ml/h, allows a quick renal first-pass elimination and therefore reduces the risk for contrast nephropathy. The potential benefits of RenalGuard Therapy are intended to reduce the incidence of CI-AKI via a combination of known physiological effects of high urine output including: a) lower concentration of contrast in the kidneys, b) more rapid transit of contrast through the kidneys, c) less overall exposure to toxic contrast, d) potential reduction of oxygen consumption in the medulla of the kidneys. No randomized study has been performed to assess the role of the RenalGuard System as compared to the optimal strategy (sodium bicarbonate infusion plus NAC) in high and very-high risk patients to prevent CI-AKI.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Systemic alone therapy group | Active Comparator | Systemic alone therapy group will be treated by intravenous sodium bicarbonate plus NAC administration. Patients allocated to the Systemic alone therapy group will receive 154 mEq/l of sodium bicarbonate in dextrose and H2O, according to the protocol reported by Merten et al. (9) The initial i.v. bolus was 3 ml/kg per hour for 1 hour immediately before contrast injection. Following this, patients will receive the same fluid at a rate of 1 ml/kg per hour during contrast exposure and for 6 hours after the procedure. All patients will receive NAC (Fluimucil, Zambon Group SpA, Milan, Italy) orally at a dose of 1200 mg twice daily on the day before and on the day of administration of the contrast agent (total of 2 days. Additional NAC dose (1.2 g) will be administered i.v. during the procedure. |
|
| RenalGuard System group | Experimental | Prophylactic controlled hydration with saline (0.9%) plus N-acetylcystein (NAC; 6 g in total). In the RenalGuard group, an initial bolus (priming) of 250 ml will be administered. In case of left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤30%) and/or unstable hemodynamic conditions the bolus will be reduced to 150 ml. Following the initial bolus, furosemide (0.25 mg/kg) will be administered in order to achieve the optimal urine flow (≥300 ml/h). The hydration will be continued throughout the duration of the procedure and will last 4 hours following the procedure. Additional doses of furosemide are allowed in case of decrease of urine flow <300 ml/h. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RenalGuard system | Device | The RenalGuard™ System (PLC Medical Systems, Inc.) is a real-time measurement and real time matched fluid replacement device designed to accommodate the RenalGuard Therapy. The RenalGuard Therapy is based on the concept demonstrated by clinical data that high urine output is beneficial to patients with impaired baseline renal function who receive intravascular iodinated contrast medio (CM). The RenalGuard System seems to be ideal for the prevention of CI-AKI, by allowing an optimal urine flow rate >300 ml/h. It is known that excessive diuresis can cause dehydration which increases the risk to the kidneys from CM. The RenalGuard System should allow the patient to achieve high urine output safely by maintaining the intravascular blood volume and avoiding the risk of over-or-under-hydration. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Contrast-induced Acute Kidney Injury | The primary outcome measure will be the rate of development of CI-AKI in the 2 study arms (number of participants). CI-AKI is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine concentration >=0.3 mg/dL from the baseline value at 48 hours after administration of the contrast media or the need for dialysis. | at 48 hours following contrast exposure |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Rate of Kidney Injury and Major Adverse Events | an increase in the serum creatinine concentration >=0.25% and >=0.5 mg/dl at 48 hours after contrast exposure | 7 days |
| Changes in the Serum Cystatin C Concentration at 24 and 48 Hours After Contrast Exposure |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Carlo Briguori, MD, PhD | Clinica Mediterranea, Naples,. ITALY | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unversity of Ferrara, Department of Cardiology | Ferrara | Italy | ||||
| IRCCS Multimedica |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16606801 | Background | Tepel M, Aspelin P, Lameire N. Contrast-induced nephropathy: a clinical and evidence-based approach. Circulation. 2006 Apr 11;113(14):1799-806. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595090. No abstract available. | |
| 11285590 | Background | Gruberg L, Mehran R, Dangas G, Mintz GS, Waksman R, Kent KM, Pichard AD, Satler LF, Wu H, Leon MB. Acute renal failure requiring dialysis after percutaneous coronary interventions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2001 Apr;52(4):409-16. doi: 10.1002/ccd.1093. |
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Two enrolled patients did not finally undergo the scheduled treatment due to the occurrence fever or gastrointestinal bleeding
All patients with CKD scheduled for coronary and/or peripheral angiography/angioplasty from January 2009 to December 2011 were screened for inclusion/exclusion criteria. The trial was conducted in across 4 interventional cardiology centers in Italy, according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Systemic Alone Therapy Group | Systemic alone therapy grou will be treated by intravenous sodium bicarbonate plus NAC administration. Patients allocated to the Systemic alone therapy group will receive 154 mEq/l of sodium bicarbonate in dextrose and H2O, according to the protocol reported by Merten et al. (9) The initial intravenous bolus was 3 ml/kg per hour for 1 hour immediately before contrast injection. Following this, patients will receive the same fluid at a rate of 1 ml/kg per hour during contrast exposure and for 6 hours after the procedure. All patients will receive NAC (Fluimucil, Zambon Group SpA, Milan, Italy) orally at a dose of 1200 mg twice daily on the day before and on the day of administration of the contrast agent (total of 2 days. Additional NAC dose (1.2 g) will be administered i.v. during the procedure. |
| FG001 | RenalGuard System Group | Prophylactic controlled hydration with saline (0.9%) plus N-acetylcystein (NAC; 6 g in total). In the RenalGuard group, an initial bolus (priming) of 250 ml will be administered. In case of left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤30%) and/or unstable hemodynamic conditions the bolus will be reduced to 150 ml. Following the initial bolus, furosemide (0.25 mg/kg) will be administered in order to achieve the optimal urine flow (≥300 ml/h). The hydration will be continued throughout the duration of the procedure and will last 4 hours following the procedure. Additional doses of furosemide are allowed in case of decrease of urine flow <300 ml/h. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Systemic Alone Therapy Group | Systemic alone therapy grou will be treated by intravenous sodium bicarbonate plus NAC administration. Patients allocated to the Systemic alone therapy group will receive 154 mEq/l of sodium bicarbonate in dextrose and H2O, according to the protocol reported by Merten et al. (9) The initial intravenous bolus was 3 ml/kg per hour for 1 hour immediately before contrast injection. Following this, patients will receive the same fluid at a rate of 1 ml/kg per hour during contrast exposure and for 6 hours after the procedure. All patients will receive NAC (Fluimucil, Zambon Group SpA, Milan, Italy) orally at a dose of 1200 mg twice daily on the day before and on the day of administration of the contrast agent (total of 2 days. Additional NAC dose (1.2 g) will be administered i.v. during the procedure. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Number of Participants With Contrast-induced Acute Kidney Injury | The primary outcome measure will be the rate of development of CI-AKI in the 2 study arms (number of participants). CI-AKI is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine concentration >=0.3 mg/dL from the baseline value at 48 hours after administration of the contrast media or the need for dialysis. | all consecutive patients with chronic kidney disease scheduled for coronary and/or peripheral angiography and/or angioplasty with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤30 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or a risk score ≥11 were considered eligible for the study | Posted | Number | participants | at 48 hours following contrast exposure |
|
1 month
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | RenalGuard System Group | Prophylactic controlled hydration with saline (0.9%) plus N-acetylcystein (NAC; 6 g in total). In the RenalGuard group, an initial bolus (priming) of 250 ml will be administered. In case of left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤30%) and/or unstable hemodynamic conditions the bolus will be reduced to 150 ml. Following the initial bolus, furosemide (0.25 mg/kg) will be administered in order to achieve the optimal urine flow (≥300 ml/h). The hydration will be continued throughout the duration of the procedure and will last 4 hours following the procedure. |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micturation | Renal and urinary disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Carlo Briguori, Principal Investigator | Clinica Mediterranea | +390817259 | 764 | carlobriguori@clinicamediterranea.it |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D051436 | Renal Insufficiency, Chronic |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D051437 | Renal Insufficiency |
| D007674 | Kidney Diseases |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017693 | Sodium Bicarbonate |
| D000111 | Acetylcysteine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001639 | Bicarbonates |
| D002254 | Carbonates |
| D002255 | Carbonic Acid |
| D017554 | Carbon Compounds, Inorganic |
Not provided
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Not provided
Not provided
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Not provided
|
| Systemic alone therapy | Drug | Patients allocated to the Systemic alone therapy group will receive 154 mEq/l of sodium bicarbonate in dextrose and H2O, according to the protocol reported by Merten et al. The initial intravenous bolus was 3 ml/kg per hour for 1 hour immediately before contrast injection. Following this, patients will receive the same fluid at a rate of 1 ml/kg per hour during contrast exposure and for 6 hours after the procedure. All patients will receive NAC (Fluimucil, Zambon Group SpA, Milan, Italy) orally at a dose of 1200 mg twice daily on the day before and on the day of administration of the contrast agent (total of 2 days) |
|
|
Cystatin C is an alternative biomarker of kidney damage. Cystatin C seems to be superior to serum creatinine an identifying kidney function and damage. |
| 7 days |
| Changes in the Urine and Serum NGAL Concentration After Contrast Exposure | NGAL is a new biomarker which seems to be very promising in detecting kidney injury. prelimiary data suggest that urine and serum NGAL increase very early (within few horurs) after the occurrence og acute kidney damage. Therefore, NGAL may be a real marker of acute kidney injury. | 7 days |
| the Rate of Acute Renal Failure Requiring Dialysis | occurrence of renal failure requiring dialysis represents the haard endpoint of the study. Actually this represents the worst clinical consequence of CI-AKI. | 1 month |
| The Rate of In-hospital Major Adverse Events (i.e. Acute Myocardial Infarction, c) Renal Failure Requiring Dialysis, and d) Acute Pulmonary Edema) | Assessment of the rate of in-hospital major adverse events (i.e. acute myocardial infarction, c) renal failure requiring dialysis, and d) acute pulmonary edema) will give important informantion on the clinical relevance of prophylactic strategies in preventing CI-AKI | 1 month |
| The Cost-effectiveness Ratio. | Assessement of the cost-effectiveness ratio is important when testing a new strategy of both therapy and prophylaxis. The Renalguard system is more expensive than the conventional hydration regimen. The cost of RenalGuard system is approximately 800 $. This cost will be justified only if the system is more effective in preventing CI-AKI and improving the clinical outcome, expecially reducing the lenght of ospedalization and the rate of dialysis. | 1 month |
| Milan |
| Italy |
| Unversity School of Medicine of Modena, Deparment of Cardiology | Modena | Italy |
| Clinica Mediterranea | Naples | 80121 | Italy |
| 9375704 | Background | McCullough PA, Wolyn R, Rocher LL, Levin RN, O'Neill WW. Acute renal failure after coronary intervention: incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality. Am J Med. 1997 Nov;103(5):368-75. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00150-2. |
| 16612402 | Background | Solomon R, Deray G; Consensus Panel for CIN. How to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy and manage risk patients: practical recommendations. Kidney Int Suppl. 2006 Apr;(100):S51-3. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000375. No abstract available. |
| 15954892 | Background | Persson PB, Hansell P, Liss P. Pathophysiology of contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2005 Jul;68(1):14-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00377.x. |
| 10900277 | Background | Tepel M, van der Giet M, Schwarzfeld C, Laufer U, Liermann D, Zidek W. Prevention of radiographic-contrast-agent-induced reductions in renal function by acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 20;343(3):180-4. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200007203430304. |
| 9087670 | Background | DiMari J, Megyesi J, Udvarhelyi N, Price P, Davis R, Safirstein R. N-acetyl cysteine ameliorates ischemic renal failure. Am J Physiol. 1997 Mar;272(3 Pt 2):F292-8. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.1997.272.3.F292. |
| 10328471 | Background | Tariq M, Morais C, Sobki S, Al Sulaiman M, Al Khader A. N-acetylcysteine attenuates cyclosporin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999 Apr;14(4):923-9. doi: 10.1093/ndt/14.4.923. |
| 15150204 | Background | Merten GJ, Burgess WP, Gray LV, Holleman JH, Roush TS, Kowalchuk GJ, Bersin RM, Van Moore A, Simonton CA 3rd, Rittase RA, Norton HJ, Kennedy TP. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 May 19;291(19):2328-34. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.19.2328. |
| 15492300 | Background | Spargias K, Alexopoulos E, Kyrzopoulos S, Iokovis P, Greenwood DC, Manginas A, Voudris V, Pavlides G, Buller CE, Kremastinos D, Cokkinos DV. Ascorbic acid prevents contrast-mediated nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. Circulation. 2004 Nov 2;110(18):2837-42. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000146396.19081.73. Epub 2004 Oct 18. |
| 17309916 | Background | Briguori C, Airoldi F, D'Andrea D, Bonizzoni E, Morici N, Focaccio A, Michev I, Montorfano M, Carlino M, Cosgrave J, Ricciardelli B, Colombo A. Renal Insufficiency Following Contrast Media Administration Trial (REMEDIAL): a randomized comparison of 3 preventive strategies. Circulation. 2007 Mar 13;115(10):1211-7. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.687152. Epub 2007 Feb 19. |
| 14600187 | Background | Stone GW, McCullough PA, Tumlin JA, Lepor NE, Madyoon H, Murray P, Wang A, Chu AA, Schaer GL, Stevens M, Wilensky RL, O'Neill WW; CONTRAST Investigators. Fenoldopam mesylate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Nov 5;290(17):2284-91. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.17.2284. |
| 18402894 | Background | McCullough PA. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Apr 15;51(15):1419-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.035. |
| 18468994 | Background | Romano G, Briguori C, Quintavalle C, Zanca C, Rivera NV, Colombo A, Condorelli G. Contrast agents and renal cell apoptosis. Eur Heart J. 2008 Oct;29(20):2569-76. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn197. Epub 2008 May 8. |
| 9973020 | Background | Stevens MA, McCullough PA, Tobin KJ, Speck JP, Westveer DC, Guido-Allen DA, Timmis GC, O'Neill WW. A prospective randomized trial of prevention measures in patients at high risk for contrast nephropathy: results of the P.R.I.N.C.E. Study. Prevention of Radiocontrast Induced Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Feb;33(2):403-11. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00574-9. |
| 7969280 | Background | Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, D'Elia J, Silva P. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide on acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 24;331(21):1416-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199411243312104. |
| 15464318 | Background | Mehran R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, Lasic Z, Iakovou I, Fahy M, Mintz GS, Lansky AJ, Moses JW, Stone GW, Leon MB, Dangas G. A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Oct 6;44(7):1393-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.068. |
| 11904577 | Background | National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002 Feb;39(2 Suppl 1):S1-266. No abstract available. |
| 14972420 | Background | Briguori C, Colombo A, Violante A, Balestrieri P, Manganelli F, Paolo Elia P, Golia B, Lepore S, Riviezzo G, Scarpato P, Focaccio A, Librera M, Bonizzoni E, Ricciardelli B. Standard vs double dose of N-acetylcysteine to prevent contrast agent associated nephrotoxicity. Eur Heart J. 2004 Feb;25(3):206-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.11.016. |
| 26333343 | Derived | Quintavalle C, Anselmi CV, De Micco F, Roscigno G, Visconti G, Golia B, Focaccio A, Ricciardelli B, Perna E, Papa L, Donnarumma E, Condorelli G, Briguori C. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015 Sep;8(9):e002673. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.002673. |
| 21844075 | Derived | Briguori C, Visconti G, Focaccio A, Airoldi F, Valgimigli M, Sangiorgi GM, Golia B, Ricciardelli B, Condorelli G; REMEDIAL II Investigators. Renal Insufficiency After Contrast Media Administration Trial II (REMEDIAL II): RenalGuard System in high-risk patients for contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Circulation. 2011 Sep 13;124(11):1260-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.030759. Epub 2011 Aug 15. |
| 21518686 | Derived | Briguori C, Visconti G, Ricciardelli B, Condorelli G; REMEDIAL II Investigators. Renal insufficiency following contrast media administration trial II (REMEDIAL II): RenalGuard system in high-risk patients for contrast-induced acute kidney injury: rationale and design. EuroIntervention. 2011 Apr;6(9):1117-22, 7. doi: 10.4244/EIJV6I9A194. |
| BG001 | RenalGuard System Group | Prophylactic controlled hydration with saline (0.9%) plus N-acetylcystein (NAC; 6 g in total). In the RenalGuard group, an initial bolus (priming) of 250 ml will be administered. In case of left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤30%) and/or unstable hemodynamic conditions the bolus will be reduced to 150 ml. Following the initial bolus, furosemide (0.25 mg/kg) will be administered in order to achieve the optimal urine flow (≥300 ml/h). The hydration will be continued throughout the duration of the procedure and will last 4 hours following the procedure. Additional doses of furosemide are allowed in case of decrease of urine flow <300 ml/h. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| OG001 | RenalGuard System Group | Prophylactic controlled hydration with saline (0.9%) plus N-acetylcystein (NAC; 6 g in total). In the RenalGuard group, an initial bolus (priming) of 250 ml will be administered. In case of left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤30%) and/or unstable hemodynamic conditions the bolus will be reduced to 150 ml. Following the initial bolus, furosemide (0.25 mg/kg) will be administered in order to achieve the optimal urine flow (≥300 ml/h). The hydration will be continued throughout the duration of the procedure and will last 4 hours following the procedure. Additional doses of furosemide are allowed in case of decrease of urine flow <300 ml/h. |
|
|
| Secondary | Rate of Kidney Injury and Major Adverse Events | an increase in the serum creatinine concentration >=0.25% and >=0.5 mg/dl at 48 hours after contrast exposure | Not Posted | 7 days | Participants |
| Secondary | Changes in the Serum Cystatin C Concentration at 24 and 48 Hours After Contrast Exposure | Cystatin C is an alternative biomarker of kidney damage. Cystatin C seems to be superior to serum creatinine an identifying kidney function and damage. | Not Posted | 7 days | Participants |
| Secondary | Changes in the Urine and Serum NGAL Concentration After Contrast Exposure | NGAL is a new biomarker which seems to be very promising in detecting kidney injury. prelimiary data suggest that urine and serum NGAL increase very early (within few horurs) after the occurrence og acute kidney damage. Therefore, NGAL may be a real marker of acute kidney injury. | Not Posted | 7 days | Participants |
| Secondary | the Rate of Acute Renal Failure Requiring Dialysis | occurrence of renal failure requiring dialysis represents the haard endpoint of the study. Actually this represents the worst clinical consequence of CI-AKI. | Not Posted | 1 month | Participants |
| Secondary | The Rate of In-hospital Major Adverse Events (i.e. Acute Myocardial Infarction, c) Renal Failure Requiring Dialysis, and d) Acute Pulmonary Edema) | Assessment of the rate of in-hospital major adverse events (i.e. acute myocardial infarction, c) renal failure requiring dialysis, and d) acute pulmonary edema) will give important informantion on the clinical relevance of prophylactic strategies in preventing CI-AKI | Not Posted | 1 month | Participants |
| Secondary | The Cost-effectiveness Ratio. | Assessement of the cost-effectiveness ratio is important when testing a new strategy of both therapy and prophylaxis. The Renalguard system is more expensive than the conventional hydration regimen. The cost of RenalGuard system is approximately 800 $. This cost will be justified only if the system is more effective in preventing CI-AKI and improving the clinical outcome, expecially reducing the lenght of ospedalization and the rate of dialysis. | Not Posted | 1 month | Participants |
| 10 |
| 146 |
| 10 |
| 146 |
| EG001 | Systemic Alone Therapy Group | Systemic alone therapy group was treated by intravenous sodium bicarbonate plus NAC administration. | 14 | 146 | 3 | 146 |
| Dialysis | Renal and urinary disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Acute pulmonary edema | Cardiac disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Hypokalemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| D005261 |
| Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |
| D002908 | Chronic Disease |
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D007287 |
| Inorganic Chemicals |
| D017670 | Sodium Compounds |
| D003545 | Cysteine |
| D000603 | Amino Acids, Sulfur |
| D013457 | Sulfur Compounds |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D000596 | Amino Acids |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |