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Pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) results in morbidity and is a barrier to same day discharge. In several trials local anaesthetic (LA) washed over the liver and gall bladder decreases pain. In many patients pain has a strong component attributable to diaphragmatic origin. A wash of LA over the liver and gall bladder is unlikely to provide high levels of analgesia to pain fibres from the diaphragm. The investigators hypothesise that LA injected to the right hemidiaphragm during LC would be more effective than wash.
Methods Double blind randomised controlled trial of 128 consecutive subjects undergoing elective LC. Control -sham injection of diaphragm and sham wash over liver/GB with saline; Test treatment 'subperitoneal LA' - bupivocaine injection/sham wash; Internal control 'topical LA' - sham injection/bupivocaine wash. Primary outcome: pain scores in theatre recovery and the ward. Secondary outcomes: analgesic use, physiological observations, time to eating and mobilising, day case surgery.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Sham Comparator | Sham wash, sham injection |
|
| Subperitoneal injection | Experimental | Local anaesthetic injection to diaphragm with sham wash over liver and gall bladder |
|
| Topical LA | Active Comparator | Local anaesthetic washed over gall bladder and liver. Sham injection of diaphragm |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bupivocaine | Drug | 20ml 0.25% at beginning of operation |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| VAS pain score | 1, 4, 8 hours after operation and at discharge |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Time to ambulation | The first time the patient gets out of bed and walks following the procedure | following the procedure |
| Same day discharge | 24 hours |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Keith J Roberts, MRCS | University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UHCW NHS Trust | Coventry | Warwickshire | CV2 2DX | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21638181 | Derived | Roberts KJ, Gilmour J, Pande R, Nightingale P, Tan LC, Khan S. Efficacy of intraperitoneal local anaesthetic techniques during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2011 Nov;25(11):3698-705. doi: 10.1007/s00464-011-1757-3. Epub 2011 Jun 3. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D042882 | Gallstones |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002769 | Cholelithiasis |
| D001660 | Biliary Tract Diseases |
| D004066 | Digestive System Diseases |
| D041761 | Cholecystolithiasis |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002045 | Bupivacaine |
| D000077330 | Saline Solution |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000813 | Anilides |
| D000577 | Amides |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D000814 | Aniline Compounds |
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| 0.9% normal saline solution | Drug | 20ml 0.9% NaCl |
|
|
| VRS pain scores | Immediately following the operation | Every 10 minutes in theatre recovery |
| D005705 |
| Gallbladder Diseases |
| D002137 | Calculi |
| D020763 | Pathological Conditions, Anatomical |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D000588 |
| Amines |
| D000077324 | Crystalloid Solutions |
| D007552 | Isotonic Solutions |
| D012996 | Solutions |
| D004364 | Pharmaceutical Preparations |