This pilot study is examining the feasibility of a primary care and a specialist treatment (methadone clinic) model of treatment for 15 offenders who are part of two community supervision programs: Drug Court and the Treatment Alternative Program (TAP) in Dane County. The questions addressed by future larger studies based upon the current pilot-feasibility study will center around whether access to primary health care as opposed to more traditional methadone treatment services will improve the health and criminal justice outcomes for participants.

Inclusion Criteria:

• diagnosis of opioid dependence
• opioid positive urine drug screen
• participation in local Drug Treatment Court or Treatment Alternative Program
• women of childbearing potential who have a negative screening urine pregnancy test and are willing to use appropriate birth control methods during the duration of the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• current alcohol or sedative dependence
• pregnancy
• women who are currently breast-feeding
• complex psychiatric co-morbidity (e.g. suicidality, psychosis)
• complex medical co-morbidity (e.g. major cardiovascular, renal, or gastrointestinal/hepatic disease)
• current pharmacotherapy with an agent which is contraindicated in combination with Suboxone or methadone according to drug labeling
• paralytic ileus, coronary artery disease or heart arrhythmia, recent head injury, obstructive sleep apnea, severe asthma or COPD, end-stage renal disease, or severe morbid obesity