Obesity, Metabolism and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Prevalence and the Effect of Bariatric Surgery
Obesity, Metabolism and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Prevalence and the Effect of Bariatric Surgery
Obesity is an increasing problem worldwide. Over 20% of people in western societies are obese (BMI >30kg/m2) and 1-2 % are morbidly obese (BMI >40 kg/m2). According to the recent study 6.6% of Finns are severely obese (BMI > 35kg/m2) and 2.0% are morbidly obese (BMI>40kg/m2). Because conventional treatments often fail to induce sustained weight loss obesity surgery has increased rapidly in many countries. Currently, > 300000 procedures are performed in the US each year. Thus in many European countries, including Finland, the need for obesity surgery is rapidly increasing.
The most important risk factor also for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is obesity, and thus effective treatment of obesity is the first-line treatment of OSA. However, Reliable information of the prevalence of OSA in morbidly obese patients is still lacking. The current knowledge is based on small studies, which have demonstrated that the prevalence of OSA may be higher than believed, even 70-80% in morbidly obese patients. There is a definite need for large, well-designed, prospective clinical studies to evaluate the effects of weight reduction in OSA and other co-morbidities related to obesity. Ever increasing research data showing a strong link between obesity and OSA and their co-existence as a major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases should provoke concepts to search better clinical guidelines of diagnostics and treatments in a risk group, such as morbidly obese patients.
Sleep disturbances have become a public health concern in the modern society, affecting millions of people. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the commonest sleep disturbances. Obstructive sleep apnea affects mostly middle-aged work force, causing a negative impact on public health since it increases both mortality and morbidity. In Finland, there are approximately 150,000 OSA patients, of whom 15,000 patients have a severe, 50,000 a moderate and 85,000 a mild form of the disease. The number of the patients is assumed to be strongly underestimated and it has been estimated that one out of five adults has at least mild OSA. OSA is tightly linked with metabolic abnormalities that contribute to an increased morbidity and mortality through cardiovascular disease. In addition, accidents by daytime sleepiness deteriorate person's quality of life and working capacity.
The most important risk factor for OSA is obesity, and thus effective treatment of obesity is first-line treatment of OSA. In a recent study it was observed that lifestyle intervention with an early weight reduction can be a curative treatment is mild OSA. However, regardless of these promising results weight reduction as a treatment of OSA is still underestimated. Particularly alarming is the exploding prevalence of morbid obesity, and that estimations have predicted this group of patients to increase most rapidly. Unfortunately, conventional lifestyle and weight reduction interventions have proven to be ineffective in long-term follow-up in these patients. In contrast, the permanent weight reduction achieved by bariatric surgery has been found to have favourable effects on diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and also on OSA.
The treatment of OSA is demanding for both patients and physicians. There are no simple treatment modalities. Thus, there exists a definite need to improve the existing treatment modalities and to search new ones. The golden standard for treating patients with OSA is nasal continuous airway pressure (CPAP). It has been found to effective, but somewhat poor adherence (40-50%) to the treatment is certainly a major limitation. Moreover, there is little evidence about the possible beneficial metabolic effects of CPAP. Considering the rapid increase of obesity and the unsatisfactory adherence to CPAP treatment, bariatric surgery offers an interesting and viable option alongside with the conventional treatment modalities of OSA. Reliable information of the prevalence of OSA in morbidly obese patients is still lacking. The current knowledge is based on small studies, which have demonstrated that the prevalence of OSA could be higher than believed, even 70-80% in morbidly obese patients. There is a definite need for large, well-designed, prospective clinical studies on the effects of weight reduction in OSA and other co-morbidities related to obesity. Ever increasing research data showing a strong link between obesity and OSA and OSA as a major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases should provoke concepts to improve better clinical guidelines of diagnostics and treatments in a risk group, such as obese patients.
Inclusion Criteria:
For the overall study:
Additionally for the randomised substudy:
Exclusion Criteria: