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The purpose of this study is to investigate, if exposure-based cognitive therapy (EBCT) is at least as effective as the established cognitive-behavioral therapy and more effective in its long-term efficacy. Moreover the mechanisms of change of the EBCT are investigated.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression (CBT) | Active Comparator |
| |
| Exposure-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression (EBCT) | Experimental |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression | Behavioral | 22 weekly sessions and 2 booster session of face to face outpatient psychotherapy; focus on cognitive restructuring without emotion-focused interventions |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| severity of depressive symptoms measured by the Beck-Depression-Inventory (BDI-II) | end of therapy, 6 month after end of therapy (follow up) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| symptom impairment measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) | end of therapy, 6-month follow up | |
| quality of life measured by the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) | end of therapy, 6-month follow-up |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Martin Grosse Holtforth, Professor MD | University of Zurich, Department of Psychology | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Zurich, Department of Psychology | Zurich | Canton of Zurich | 8050 | Switzerland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17563158 | Background | Hayes AM, Feldman GC, Beevers CG, Laurenceau JP, Cardaciotto L, Lewis-Smith J. Discontinuities and cognitive changes in an exposure-based cognitive therapy for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007 Jun;75(3):409-421. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.3.409. | |
| 9874907 | Background | Hayes AM, Strauss JL. Dynamic systems theory as a paradigm for the study of change in psychotherapy: an application to cognitive therapy for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998 Dec;66(6):939-47. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.66.6.939. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003866 | Depressive Disorder |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019964 | Mood Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015928 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001521 | Behavior Therapy |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
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| Exposure-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression | Behavioral | 22 weekly sessions and 2 booster session of face to face outpatient psychotherapy; focus on emotion-focused interventions |
|
| interpersonal problems measured by the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) | end of therapy, 6-month follow-up |
| avoidance measured by the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scales (CBAS) | end of therapy, 6-month follow-up |
| resources measured by the Bernese Inventory of Resources (RES-K) | end of therapy, 6-month follow-up |
| explicit self-esteem measured by the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) | end of therapy, 6-month follow up |
| implicit self-esteem measured by the Self-Esteem Implicit Association Test (SE-IAT) | end of therapy |
| goal attainment measured by Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) | end of therapy |
| avoidance motivation measured by the Inventory of Approach and Avoidance Motivation (IAAM) | end of therpy, 6-month follow-up |
| motivational incongruence measured by The Incongruence Questionnaire (INC) | end of therapy, 6-month follow-up |
| 17316941 | Background | Hayes AM, Laurenceau JP, Feldman G, Strauss JL, Cardaciotto L. Change is not always linear: the study of nonlinear and discontinuous patterns of change in psychotherapy. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007 Jul;27(6):715-23. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.008. Epub 2007 Jan 19. |
| 15905008 | Background | Beevers CG. Cognitive vulnerability to depression: a dual process model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005 Nov;25(7):975-1002. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.003. |
| 19170458 | Background | Pascual-Leone A. Dynamic emotional processing in experiential therapy: two steps forward, one step back. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009 Feb;77(1):113-26. doi: 10.1037/a0014488. |
| 38010758 | Derived | Babl A, Rubel J, Gomez Penedo JM, Berger T, Grosse Holtforth M, Eubanks CF. Can session-by-session changes in self-reported alliance scores serve as a measure of ruptures in the therapeutic alliance? J Consult Clin Psychol. 2024 Feb;92(2):129-133. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000861. Epub 2023 Nov 27. |
| 29130400 | Derived | Grosse Holtforth M, Krieger T, Zimmermann J, Altenstein-Yamanaka D, Dorig N, Meisch L, Hayes AM. A randomized-controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression with integrated techniques from emotion-focused and exposure therapies. Psychother Res. 2019 Jan;29(1):30-44. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2017.1397796. Epub 2017 Nov 12. |