The present study was designed as a randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled, study to evaluate the effect of 400 µg of recombinant human GM-CSF applied intralesionally and associated with half of the total dose of antimony in a reduced time schedule (20mgSbV/Kg/d for 10 days) as compared to the full dose of antimony (20mgSbV/Kg/d for 20 days) to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis ulcers.

This is a randomized, single blind placebo-controlled study in which the groups were selected from the cases presenting to the health post. The inclusion criteria were: age between 15 and 50 years, of either sex, diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis of less than 60 days. The diagnostic criteria were the presence of a typical single cutaneous ulcer, localized on lower limbs, and a positive delayed type hypersensitivity test (DTH or Montenegro skin test) to Leishmania antigen.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age between 15 and 50 years
• Either gender
• Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Less than 60 days of disease

Exclusion Criteria:

• Any history of prior anti-leishmania therapy
• Negative parasitology (aspirate/smear)or negative Montenegro test
• Pregnancy
• Age below 15 and above 50 years
• Other associated acute or chronic illnesses
• History of allergy to GM-CSF and/or antimony
• HIV, HTLV-1 infections or diabetes
• Administrative reasons:
• Lack of ability or willingness to give informed consent (patient and/or parent / legal representative)
• Anticipated non-availability for study visits/procedures