Under environmental intervention programs, to explore the associations between Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) and changes of pulmonary function, cytokines and new-onset asthma between different groups.

Environmental intervention programs:

We will both interview by telephone and mail the health education leaflets, in order to achieve the following aims:

-Smokers living with the children will change where smoking takes place for reducing the children's ETS exposure.

Data collection:

We will contact participants individually to get informed consent before data collection. No matter what intervention, non-intervention or reference group, all participants will test as follows:

• Blood sample collection: We will test the total IgE, specific IgE, cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α, ECP and EOS.
• Questionnaire collection
• Pulmonary function test

After intervention programs applied, all participants will test pulmonary function, and total IgE, specific IgE and cytokines by blood sample after six months by school approaches. Then, we can compare the pulmonary function, total IgE, specific IgE and cytokines before and after intervention programs.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Only one smokers living in the same household
• Having smoking exposure during the past 12 months while questionnaire surveying
• Child without smoking habit

Exclusion Criteria:

• None of above