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The manufacturer decided to stop drug production.
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The purpose of this proposal is to improve the investigators' current Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy (SDR) analgesia protocol by eliminating or minimizing the use of fentanyl in the post-operative period.
Children undergoing SDR for spastic cerebral palsy have significant post-operative pain. The procedure requires dissection of the lumbar back musculature and removal of the L1 lamina (the bony posterior part of the vertebra). The majority of the operation is intradural, and a water-tight dural closure at the termination of the operation is critical in order to prevent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the wound. In fact, these children must remain flat on their back for 48 hours to allow the dural incision to heal prior to mobilization. Thus, adequate pain control is essential not only for patient comfort, but also to prevent agitation and additional stress on the dural closure.
Currently, the investigators' patients undergoing SDR are treated for 48 hours with scheduled intravenous (IV) narcotic (continuous fentanyl infusion at 0.5-2.0 μg/kg/hour) in addition to the sedative/muscle relaxant Valium (0.2 mg/kg IV every 4 hours for 24 hours, then every 6 hours for 24 hours). The IV fentanyl, and to a lesser degree Valium, carries a real risk of hypotension and respiratory depression and requires frequent dose adjustments to achieve adequate analgesia.
By improving the current SDR analgesia protocol, the investigators hope to maximize patient safety and comfort while maintaining the effectiveness of the operation by minimizing the risk of CSF leak.
improve the investigators' current Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy (SDR) analgesia protocol by eliminating or minimizing the use of fentanyl in the post-operative period.
Children undergoing SDR for spastic cerebral palsy have significant post-operative pain. The procedure requires dissection of the lumbar back musculature and removal of the L1 lamina (the bony posterior part of the vertebra). The majority of the operation is intradural, and a water-tight dural closure at the termination of the operation is critical in order to prevent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the wound. In fact, these children must remain flat on their back for 48 hours to allow the dural incision to heal prior to mobilization. Thus, adequate pain control is essential not only for patient comfort, but also to prevent agitation and additional stress on the dural closure.
Currently, the investigators' patients undergoing SDR are treated for 48 hours with scheduled intravenous (IV) narcotic (continuous fentanyl infusion at 0.5-2.0 μg/kg/hour) in addition to the sedative/muscle relaxant Valium (0.2 mg/kg IV every 4 hours for 24 hours, then every 6 hours for 24 hours). The IV fentanyl, and to a lesser degree Valium, carries a real risk of hypotension and respiratory depression and requires frequent dose adjustments to achieve adequate analgesia.
By improving the current SDR analgesia protocol, the investigators hope to maximize patient safety and comfort while maintaining the effectiveness of the operation by minimizing the risk of CSF leak.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| DepoDur80 | Experimental | DepoDur will be administered at 80μg/kg (not to exceed 5 mg total/patient) under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect prior to wound closure. |
|
| DepoDur120 | Experimental | DepoDur will be administered at 120μg/kg (not to exceed 10 mg total/patient) under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect prior to wound closure. |
|
| Control | Placebo Comparator | Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extended-release Epidural morphine (EREM) 80 | Drug | After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Epidural DepoDur (80μg/kg) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Adequacy of Analgesia as Judged by Age-adjusted Pain Scales | Mean and standard deviation for standardized, age-appropriate pain scales (per patient per day) 48hrs post surgery. As is standard of care at St. Louis Children's Hospital, pain level was scored based on age using the "Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability" (FLACC) for participants aged 0-3, the FACES scale on participants between the age of 3 and 5, numeric pain rating scale (NRS) on participants between the age of 5 and 8 years, or the Individualized Numeric Rating Scale (INRS) for participants greater than or equal to 8 years of age. All four of the scales were ranged from 0-10 scores, with 0 being no pain at all, and 10 being extreme pain. Each patient had two scores given, one at 24hrs and one at 48hrs post surgery. The output was reported as an average of all scores for all patients within each group. | 48 hour post-operative period |
| Quantity of Fentanyl Administered | Mean and standard deviation of total quantity of fentanyl administered (per patient per day) 48hrs post surgery. | 48 hour post-operative period |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Respiratory Depression Within 48hrs Post op | Number of participants with respiratory depression within 48hrs post operation | 48 hour post-operative period |
| Number of Participants With Hemodynamic Instability 48hrs Post op |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| David Limbrick, M.D., Ph.D. | Washington University School of Medicine | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| St. Louis Children's Hospital | St Louis | Missouri | 63110 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12634632 | Background | Clark SL, Hankins GD. Temporal and demographic trends in cerebral palsy--fact and fiction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Mar;188(3):628-33. doi: 10.1067/mob.2003.204. | |
| 8264743 | Background | Kuban KC, Leviton A. Cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jan 20;330(3):188-95. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199401203300308. No abstract available. |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | DepoDur80 | DepoDur will be administered at 80μg/kg (not to exceed 5 mg total/patient) under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect prior to wound closure. Extended-release Epidural morphine (EREM) 80: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Epidural DepoDur (80μg/kg) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
Not provided
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Not provided
|
|
| Extended-release Epidural Morphine (EREM) 120 | Drug | After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Epidural DepoDur (120μg/kg) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. |
|
|
| Control: Saline | Drug | After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. |
|
Number of Participants with Hemodynamic Instability 48hrs post operation
| 48 hour post-operative period |
| Number of Participants With CSF Leaks Within 6 Months Post op. | Number of participants with CSF leaks within 6 months post operation. | 6 month post-operative period |
| Number of Participants That Had Urine Retention for 48hrs Post Foley Catheter Removal. | Number of participants that had urine retention for 48hrs post foley catheter removal. | After the Foley catheter has been removed on post-operative day #1 for a 48 hour follow-up period |
| Number of Participants With Nausea and/or Vomiting 48hrs Post op. | Number of participants with nausea and or vomiting 48hr post surgery | 48 hour post-operative period |
| Number of Participants With Pruritis Within 48hrs Post op | Number of participants with pruritis within 48hrs post operation | 48 hour post-operative period |
| Number of Participants That Were Given Codeine 48hr Post Surgery | Number of participants that were given codeine 48hr post surgery | 48hr post surgery |
| Number of Participants That Were Given Zofran 48hr Post Surgery | Number of participants that were given Zofran 48hr post surgery | 48hr post surgery |
| Number of Participants That Were Bradycardia Within 48hr Post Surgery | Number of participants that were bradycardia within 48hr post surgery | 48hr post surgery |
| 1635884 | Background | Grether JK, Cummins SK, Nelson KB. The California Cerebral Palsy Project. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1992 Jul;6(3):339-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00774.x. |
| 8539191 | Background | Taft LT. Cerebral palsy. Pediatr Rev. 1995 Nov;16(11):411-8; quiz 418. No abstract available. |
| 11219613 | Background | Steinbok P. Outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy. Childs Nerv Syst. 2001 Jan;17(1-2):1-18. doi: 10.1007/pl00013722. |
| 11811645 | Background | McLaughlin J, Bjornson K, Temkin N, Steinbok P, Wright V, Reiner A, Roberts T, Drake J, O'Donnell M, Rosenbaum P, Barber J, Ferrel A. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002 Jan;44(1):17-25. doi: 10.1017/s0012162201001608. |
| 9593495 | Background | Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998 Apr;40(4):239-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15456.x. |
| 9112967 | Background | Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997 Mar;39(3):178-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07407.x. |
| 9593493 | Background | McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, Price R, Temkin N. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998 Apr;40(4):220-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15454.x. |
| 8988079 | Background | Chicoine MR, Park TS, Kaufman BA. Selective dorsal rhizotomy and rates of orthopedic surgery in children with spastic cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 1997 Jan;86(1):34-9. doi: 10.3171/jns.1997.86.1.0034. |
| 16918228 | Background | Park TS, Johnston JM. Surgical techniques of selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy. Technical note. Neurosurg Focus. 2006 Aug 15;21(2):e7. |
| 18986234 | Background | Hartrick CT, Hartrick KA. Extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur): review and safety analysis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 Nov;8(11):1641-8. doi: 10.1586/14737175.8.11.1641. |
| 15781524 | Background | Gambling D, Hughes T, Martin G, Horton W, Manvelian G; Single-Dose EREM Study Group. A comparison of Depodur, a novel, single-dose extended-release epidural morphine, with standard epidural morphine for pain relief after lower abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005 Apr;100(4):1065-1074. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000145009.03574.78. |
| 15781537 | Background | Carvalho B, Riley E, Cohen SE, Gambling D, Palmer C, Huffnagle HJ, Polley L, Muir H, Segal S, Lihou C, Manvelian G; DepoDur Study Group. Single-dose, sustained-release epidural morphine in the management of postoperative pain after elective cesarean delivery: results of a multicenter randomized controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2005 Apr;100(4):1150-1158. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000149544.58230.FF. |
| 17578973 | Background | Carvalho B, Roland LM, Chu LF, Campitelli VA 3rd, Riley ET. Single-dose, extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur) compared to conventional epidural morphine for post-cesarean pain. Anesth Analg. 2007 Jul;105(1):176-83. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000265533.13477.26. |
| 15851890 | Background | Viscusi ER, Martin G, Hartrick CT, Singla N, Manvelian G; EREM Study Group. Forty-eight hours of postoperative pain relief after total hip arthroplasty with a novel, extended-release epidural morphine formulation. Anesthesiology. 2005 May;102(5):1014-22. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200505000-00022. |
| 16452737 | Background | Hartrick CT, Martin G, Kantor G, Koncelik J, Manvelian G. Evaluation of a single-dose, extended-release epidural morphine formulation for pain after knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Feb;88(2):273-81. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.D.02738. |
| 17319482 | Background | Martin G, Hartmannsgruber M, Riley E, Manvelian G. Single-dose extended-release epidural morphine for pain after hip arthroplasty. J Opioid Manag. 2006 Jul-Aug;2(4):209-18. doi: 10.5055/jom.2006.0033. |
| 9220806 | Background | Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997 May-Jun;23(3):293-7. |
| 3344163 | Background | Wong DL, Baker CM. Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr Nurs. 1988 Jan-Feb;14(1):9-17. No abstract available. |
| 8034820 | Background | Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM. Correlates of improvement in multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pain. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994 Feb;62(1):172-9. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.62.1.172. |
| 12923744 | Background | Solodiuk J, Curley MA. Pain assessment in nonverbal children with severe cognitive impairments: the Individualized Numeric Rating Scale (INRS). J Pediatr Nurs. 2003 Aug;18(4):295-9. doi: 10.1016/s0882-5963(03)00090-3. |
| FG001 | DepoDur120 | DepoDur will be administered at 120μg/kg (not to exceed 10 mg total/patient) under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect prior to wound closure. Extended-release Epidural Morphine (EREM) 120: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Epidural DepoDur (120μg/kg) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. |
| FG002 | Control | Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure. Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. |
| COMPLETED |
|
| NOT COMPLETED |
|
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | DepoDur80 | DepoDur will be administered at 80μg/kg (not to exceed 5 mg total/patient) under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect prior to wound closure. Extended-release Epidural morphine (EREM) 80: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Epidural DepoDur (80μg/kg) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. |
| BG001 | DepoDur120 | DepoDur will be administered at 120μg/kg (not to exceed 10 mg total/patient) under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect prior to wound closure. Extended-release Epidural Morphine (EREM) 120: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Epidural DepoDur (120μg/kg) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. |
| BG002 | Control | Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure. Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Adequacy of Analgesia as Judged by Age-adjusted Pain Scales | Mean and standard deviation for standardized, age-appropriate pain scales (per patient per day) 48hrs post surgery. As is standard of care at St. Louis Children's Hospital, pain level was scored based on age using the "Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability" (FLACC) for participants aged 0-3, the FACES scale on participants between the age of 3 and 5, numeric pain rating scale (NRS) on participants between the age of 5 and 8 years, or the Individualized Numeric Rating Scale (INRS) for participants greater than or equal to 8 years of age. All four of the scales were ranged from 0-10 scores, with 0 being no pain at all, and 10 being extreme pain. Each patient had two scores given, one at 24hrs and one at 48hrs post surgery. The output was reported as an average of all scores for all patients within each group. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 48 hour post-operative period |
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary | Quantity of Fentanyl Administered | Mean and standard deviation of total quantity of fentanyl administered (per patient per day) 48hrs post surgery. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mcg | 48 hour post-operative period |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number of Participants With Respiratory Depression Within 48hrs Post op | Number of participants with respiratory depression within 48hrs post operation | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 48 hour post-operative period |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number of Participants With Hemodynamic Instability 48hrs Post op | Number of Participants with Hemodynamic Instability 48hrs post operation | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 48 hour post-operative period |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number of Participants With CSF Leaks Within 6 Months Post op. | Number of participants with CSF leaks within 6 months post operation. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 6 month post-operative period |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number of Participants That Had Urine Retention for 48hrs Post Foley Catheter Removal. | Number of participants that had urine retention for 48hrs post foley catheter removal. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | After the Foley catheter has been removed on post-operative day #1 for a 48 hour follow-up period |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number of Participants With Nausea and/or Vomiting 48hrs Post op. | Number of participants with nausea and or vomiting 48hr post surgery | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 48 hour post-operative period |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number of Participants With Pruritis Within 48hrs Post op | Number of participants with pruritis within 48hrs post operation | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 48 hour post-operative period |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number of Participants That Were Given Codeine 48hr Post Surgery | Number of participants that were given codeine 48hr post surgery | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 48hr post surgery |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number of Participants That Were Given Zofran 48hr Post Surgery | Number of participants that were given Zofran 48hr post surgery | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 48hr post surgery |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary | Number of Participants That Were Bradycardia Within 48hr Post Surgery | Number of participants that were bradycardia within 48hr post surgery | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 48hr post surgery |
|
Not provided
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | DepoDur80 | DepoDur will be administered at 80μg/kg (not to exceed 5 mg total/patient) under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect prior to wound closure. Extended-release Epidural morphine (EREM) 80: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Epidural DepoDur (80μg/kg) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| EG001 | DepoDur120 | DepoDur will be administered at 120μg/kg (not to exceed 10 mg total/patient) under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect prior to wound closure. Extended-release Epidural Morphine (EREM) 120: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Epidural DepoDur (120μg/kg) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG002 | Control | Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure. Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 |
Not provided
Not provided
The study was stopped short as the manufacturer decided to stop drug production; therefore without a complete enrollment, statistical analysis was not performed.
Not provided
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diego Morales | Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine | 3144544688 | d.morales@wustl.edu |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002547 | Cerebral Palsy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001925 | Brain Damage, Chronic |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
Not provided
Not provided
| Between 18 and 65 years |
|
| >=65 years |
|
| Male |
|
Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure.
Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter.
|
|
Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure.
Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter.
|
|
Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure.
Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter.
|
|
Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure.
Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter.
|
|
| Control |
Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure. Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter. |
|
|
Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure.
Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter.
|
|
Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure.
Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter.
|
|
Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure.
Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter.
|
|
Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure.
Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter.
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Preservative-free normal saline (2.5ml) will be placed in the L1 laminectomy defect and also dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter prior to wound closure.
Control: Saline: After completion of the rhizotomy, the dura will be closed in the standard water-tight fashion with running suture. Preservative-free normal saline (2.5 ml) will be placed under direct vision in the L1 laminectomy defect. It will also be dispensed 1-2 levels above and 1-2 levels below using a flexible angiocatheter.
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